Using Creative Writer 2 :: Computers Software Internet Technology Essays

Using originative author 2ContentsGetting Started imaginative author 2 Home Page punishingware and Software RequirementsInternet E-mailMaking Web PagesWeb PublishingCreative Writer 1.0 CompatibilityTroubleshootingWhen You wear a QuestionGetting StartedBefore you set up Creative Writer 2, it is best to close other applications. Also, do not remove the Creative Writer 2 disc from your computer during Setup.If you follow these guidelines, but still encounter problems during Setup, check that your computer has the minimum requirements necessary to install Creative Writer 2.To install Creative Writer 2 under Windows 95 or Windows NT 4.01Insert the Creative Writer 2 disc in your computers compact disc read-only memory drive.Creative Writer 2 Setup will start. If it does not start, double-click the My Computer icon on your desktop, double-click the Creative Writer 2 disc, then double-click Setup.2 notice the instructions on the Setup screen.Note If you are running Windows NT, you must b e logged on to an account with Administrator privileges to install the product.Creative Writer 2 is installed in the Microsoft Kids folder on the Start menu.Where to Find HelpCheck the Creative Writer How to... Help (under the big green question mark) for information on how to use Creative Writer or for tips on cool things to do.Creative Writer 2 Home PagePlease visit the Creative Writer 2 home page at the Microsoft World Wide Web Site. The address ishttp//www.microsoft.com/kids/creative2.htmYou can also use the Internet Explorer shortcut provided on the Creative Writer 2 disc.Look there for information on updates and activities relating to Creative Writer 2Hardware and Software RequirementsSystem RequirementsComputer A multimedia PC or compatible with a 486/33 or higher microprocessor.Memory (RAM) 8 MB of RAM (16 MB recommended for best performance).Hard disk space 16 MB of free disk space for minimum configuration, 22 MB for full configuration. The Web Publishing Wizard requires slightly 1MB of additional space. Also, additional hard disk space is required for creating documents.CD-ROM drive 2X CD-ROM drive This CD-ROM drive can transfer info from the CD-ROM at 300 KB per second while using less than 40% of the CPU bandwidth and has an average seek time of less than cd milliseconds. MS-DOS CD-ROM Extensions (MSCDEX) version 2.2 or later.Video display requirements Super VGA display capable of displaying 256 colors at 640 x 480 resolution. Using more than 256 colors may affect performance. A local bus video card is recommended.Operating system requirements Microsoft Windows 95 or Microsoft Windows NT, version 4 or later.Sound requirements Windows-compatible 8-bit tidy card capable of playing wave sound effects and MIDI music.

I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud :: Literary Analysis, William Wordsworth

character is often a focal point for umteen authors works, whether it is expressed through lyrics, short stories, or poetry. Authors ar given a cornucopia of pictures and descriptions of records splendor that they can make through words. It is because of this that more often than not a reader is faced with multiple approaches and descriptions to the way nature is portrayed. Some authors tend to look at nature from a deeper and personal observation as in William Wordsworths I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, while other authors tend to revolve around on a more religious beauty within nature as show in Gerard Manley Hopkins Pied Beauty, suggesting to the reader that while to distributively their own there is always a beauty to be found in nature and natures beauty can be uplift for the tender spirit both on a visual and spiritual level. Wordsworth and Hopkins both present the reader with a poem conveying the theme of nature. Nature in its variety be it from something as simple as s treaked or multicolored skies, long fields and valleys, to things more complex like animals, are all gifts we take for granted. Some never realize the truth of what they are missing by keeping themselves indoors fixating on the loneliness and vacancy of their lives and not on what beauty currently surrounds them. Others tend to relate themselves more to the fact that these lovely gifts are from God and should be praised because of the way his gifts have uplifted our human beings spirit. Each writer gives us their own ideals as how to find and appreciate natures true gifts.In I wandered Lonely as a Cloud, William Wordsworth accomplishes his ideal of nature by using personification, alliteration, and simile within his poem to convey to the reader how natures beauty uplifts his spirits and takes him away from his drilling daily routine. Wordsworth relates himself in solidarity to that of a cloud wandering alone, I wandered lonely as a cloud (line 1). Comparing the cloud and himself to that of a lonely human in low spirits of isolation, simultaneously the author compares the daffodils he comes across as he floats on high oer vales and hills (line 2) to that of a ring of people dancing (lines 3-6 and again in 12). Watching and admiring the dancing daffodils as he floats on by relating them to various beauties of

A Comparison of Perfection in Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knig

Perfection in Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green KnightThe heroes of two Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight atomic number 18 fighters. However, the traits they have in unwashed are far less numerous than those that set them apart. As each of the two is dubbed perfect by his contemporaries, it should be possible to draw the picture of both the model warrior and the paragon knight by comparing Beowulf and Gawain. The first question to arise is that of leadership. In Beowulf, the hero is referred to as prince*, the helmet-of-Weders**, or master-friend***. This is not without reason in the times of the epic, might did literally make right. Therefore, he who was to be an accomplished warrior had to display a leader s qualities as well as struggle prowess. As for the knights, they had their appointed ruler, king Arthur, and none thought of challenging him. Neither did any of the knights distinguish himself as a general all their exploits were done single-handedly. Now, permit us focus on combat. Beowulf fights a great many battles during his life, and while some of these are only briefly mentioned (the famous sea-monsters, for instance), the really titanic ones are described fully and with abundance of detail. The clash between the Geats and Grendel may serve as an example here   Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, ( ) The outlaw august Took mortal hurt * And so it continues for fifty-one verses. And this is but one of the heroe s armed encounters Clearly, one has to fight a lot to be a great warrior The social occasion is quite different when it comes to knights. While Gawains skill with sword and lance is highly praised throughout the poem, his battles are only hinted at as... ...e himself notices, nothing is said of Beowulfs wife in the poem, but Bugge surmises that Beowulf finally accepted Hygds offer of kingdom and hoard, and, as was usual, took her into the bargain*** - which reflects the lack of concern a true warrior should show when dealing with women. There is, however, a trait common to the warrior and the knight the two have a set of rules they should obey. And though the regulations that force Beowulf to come to Hrothgars help are not nearly as neatly organised as Gawains chivalric code embodied in the pentangle****, the idea of being compelled to act in a way dictated by generally accepted rules appears in both poems. We have thereby drawn the pictures of the ideal men of two different ages, and proved in the process how much the notion of perfection has changed from Beowulf to Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.  

Acid Rain 4 :: essays research papers

The Acid Rain PainWith scientists and so-called experts on the environment disagreeing on so many issues, it is easy for the public to be lost in the fray of what is truth and what is media hype. Though the term social disease precipitate has been present in our society since the early 1970s, many people are not scarce clear on what it is what causes it, and the detrimental effects acid rain has on our environment. More confusing than all of the facts and scientific theories surrounding acid rain is the schooling of a suitable solution to reduce air contamination, which in turn leads to acid rain. Many experts do not agree that acid rain has in fact been caused by man made pollution because of the fact that rain is naturally acidic. This widespread disagreement delayed international action to reduce pollution for some time. However, with the coming of the 1970s an awareness of acid rain spread, and with that awareness, possible solutions were proposed. These solutions involved making environmental changes on the international, industrial, and personal levels.Just how does acid rain form, and what consequences does it pose to our environment? There are numerous theories as to the cause of acid rain. However, the most prevalent is the theory that electric generating plants, heating plants, and other industrial plants have been emitting an excess amount of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) into the atmosphere. Once these chemicals are in the air, they react with wet to form acids and fall bottom to the earth as precipitation. People who believe acid rain is a natural phenomenon do so because of the fact that carbon dioxide in the air combines with water vapor and produces carbonic acid (Bolch 95). There are several environmental risks that come with acid rain. One of these is the acidification of lakes, resulting in the lakes inability to sustain the aquatic life. In fact, Norway reported that 18,000 out of 85,000 of the ir lakes were acidified, and more than half of their fish population has disappeared (Brunee 23). Ground water can also become more acidic because of the way acid rain depletes the natural buffer system of the soil. Studies done in the early 70s indicate immense damage done to the forests, especially in Eastern Europe and in Germany. A sort of tree disease has been destroying a large percentage of the coniferous trees.

Destiny in Madame Bovary :: Madame Bovary Essays

Destiny in Madame Bovary Destiny the pick upmingly inevitable succession of events.1 Is this explanation true, or do we, as people in real life or characters in novels, control our own destiny? Gustave Flauberts Madame Bovary exemplifies how we hold destiny in our own hands, molding it with the actions we take and the choices we make. Flaubert uses Emma Bovary, the main character of his novel, to demonstrate this. Throughout her life, Emma makes many decisions, each unmatchable of them affecting her fate and by analyzing these decisions one could see from the beginning that Emma is destined to suffer. However, one can also pinpoint such decisions making events as her marriage, her daughters birth, her adulterous relationship with Leon and her taking the poison, as times when, if she had make a different decision, her life would not stomach ended as tragically. When we first meet Emma, the future Madame Bovary, we perceive her as being a char who is refined perhaps a bit more than the average peasant girl living on a farm. We conclude this because she attended a boarding school where she was taught dancing, geography, needlework and piano. (p.15) Charles, on the other hand, gives her more credit than she deserves. He regards her as well very educated, sophisticated, sensitive and loving, with the last characteristic being the one she lacks most. Soon after Emma marries Charles we see her unhappiness, and we are faced with a dilemma, why did she marry him? There are numerous possible answers to this, but the end finding is the same if she had not married him it would have been better for both of them. Emma would not have been so miserable and depressed throughout her life and Charles would have run aground someone who would return his love and who would appreciate him. Throughout the novel Emma neer expresses her appreciation for her husband. On the contrary, she often expresses her loathing for him - Charles never seemed so dis agreeable to her, his fingers never seemed so blunt, his mind so dull of his manners so crude--. (p.161) However, Emma and Charles were married. An uneventful year passed and Emma reached yet another fork in the road of life - should she have a baby now,

Destiny in Madame Bovary :: Madame Bovary Essays

Destiny in Madame Bovary Destiny the seemingly inevitable succession of events.1 Is this definition true, or do we, as people in real manner or characters in novels, control our own destiny? Gustave Flauberts Madame Bovary exemplifies how we hold destiny in our own hands, molding it with the actions we take and the choices we make. Flaubert uses Emma Bovary, the main character of his novel, to demonstrate this. throughout her life, Emma makes many decisions, each one of them affecting her fate and by analyzing these decisions one could see from the beginning that Emma is destined to suffer. However, one can also pinpoint much(prenominal) decisions making events as her marriage, her daughters birth, her adulterous relationship with Leon and her taking the poison, as times when, if she had made a different decision, her life would non have ended as tragically. When we first meet Emma, the future Madame Bovary, we perceive her as being a woman who is refined perhaps a bit more than the average minor girl living on a farm. We conclude this because she attended a boarding school where she was taught dancing, geography, needlework and piano. (p.15) Charles, on the other hand, gives her more credit than she deserves. He regards her as well very educated, sophisticated, sensitive and loving, with the last characteristic being the one she lacks most. Soon after Emma marries Charles we see her unhappiness, and we are faced with a dilemma, why did she marry him? There are numerous possible answers to this, but the end conclusion is the same if she had not married him it would have been better for both of them. Emma would not have been so miserable and depressed throughout her life and Charles would have found someone who would return his love and who would appreciate him. Throughout the novel Emma never expresses her appreciation for her husband. On the contrary, she often expresses her loathing for him - Charles never seemed so disagreeable to her, his fingers never seemed so blunt, his mind so dull of his manners so crude--. (p.161) However, Emma and Charles were married. An uneventful year passed and Emma reached yet another fork in the road of life - should she have a baby now,

Diversity and Difference in Early Childhood Essay

Personal interest My first aw arness of racial identity and diversity occurred when I was in Year 3. Having being raised acknowledging acceptance of people of racial or pagan conflict my thoughts of children of colour were positive and impartial. However, one day a boy in my class of Sri Lankan descent got into trouble with another student, but only the Sri Lankan boy was asked to go to the principals office. During our lunch break he came over to a group of us and told us that he thought he was the one that got into trouble because he was black.I remember idea to myself, why would he get into trouble just because he was black? It was in fact that both boys went to the principals office, just on state occasions. This was my first memory of someone thinking that they were being singled out or getting into trouble due to belief of skin colour dissimilarity and racial stereotypes. Ive been aw be of racial diversity ever since. Now that I have an opportunity to be a part of children s learning and ontogenesis I want to learn more about diversity and come upon a difference in childrens perspectives of themselves and others. DiscussionAs educators in primal childhood, it is crucial that we acknowledge and respect that childrens personal, family and cultural histories shape their learning and founderment. The increase in racial, ethnic, and cultural diversity in educational centres is reflected in some(prenominal) early childhood classrooms. Although the diverse composition of early childhood classrooms may bring challenges, it also introduces many opportunities for educators, p arents, and children as we read to value and appreciate difference and variety as a positive attribute in all educational and social environments (Ashman and Elkins 2008).As adults, being different is a decision to make a personal statement such as deciding to change a hairstyle, get a tattoo or by wearing secondary clothing. It is one thing to be different by choice, and another for a child to discern themselves as being different based on their material features, cultural of religious differences. One of the most stimulating aspects of early education is observing and supporting young children as they develop their individual identities.This development takes aspire within different social contexts where completes relating to human diversity and difference impact significantly on childrens understandings and ways of being in the world. Arguably, our education begins when we are first able to detect causes and consequences, and continue to form the basis of our identity, behaviours and knowledge of the world around us. Glover (1991) in the early 1990s found that as 2-3 category old children became aware of difference they simultaneously develop positive and negative feelings about the differences they observe.For example, racial awareness impacts on their perceptions of skin colour and on their preferences in the social relationships they initiate and fost er with other children. An Australian use up conducted by Palmer (1990) exemplifies how preschool children were able to make negative judgements based on racial characteristics of young primal children. Children were reportedly saying Youre the colour of poo Did your mum drop you in the poo? This observation suggests that children as young as 2 years old are becoming aware of diversity and differences of others, and these judgements children are making are often affecting their ability to make sound judgements of others as their perceptions of reality are distorted. Although Palmers study was conducted in 1990, there has been a significant increase in racial awareness since the 1980s of the importance of early childhood education policies, practices and curriculum aiming to positively reflect the diverse cultural identities of children and their families.Today, the embracing of childrens lives is a central focus of the different philosophies which foster early childhood education in western society, such as the anti-bias curriculum which emerged from the United States (Derman-Sparks and the A. B. C. Task Force, stated in Robinson 2006 p 2) and also in the perspectives of Reggio Emilia. In Australia there has been a broadening of cultural influences which has been referred to by Ashman (2008) as the cultural mosaic, which refers to those who have migrated maintain their homeland traditions while embracing the new norms, values and practices within the country.Furthermore data stash away by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2008) show that around 25% of Australians were natural in other countries, nearly half the population has direct links with relatives born overseas, and over 2. 5 million people speak a language other than English at home, which should clearly illustrate to educators that learning developmental experiences need to be appropriate for multicultural children to be involved in. As stated by Robinson (2006), the early childhood years are f undamental years in the growth and development of a childs cognition, language, social, emotional and physical competence.Early childhood educators are in an ideal position to make a positive difference in the lives of children and their families. My emerging philosophy would be to teach children to be critical thinkers specifically about prejudice and discrimination to encourage children to develop the skills to identify when something they have said or done is unfair of hurtful to another. Also to model the behaviours and attitudes I would want children to develop, particularly in situations that can every promote prejudice or inhibit a childs openness to diversity.Furthermore, I would aim to expose children to role models from their own culture as well as to those from other cultures to encourage appreciation of their own cultural identity, as well as different cultures. As professionals who work with families, our willingness to talk openly about identity and to help foster a po sitive sense of self in children can make an enormous difference in affirming the prosperous diversity within our community and help children form bridges across cultures and traditions.The more that children have a solid grounding and understanding about who they are and where they came from, the more they learn to value differences of cultures different from their own, and the closer we get to building a world of respect of multicultural differences. Ashman, A F, Elkins J 2008, Education for inclusion body and Diversity, 3rd edn, Pearson Education, Frenchs Forest, NSW. Davis, B M 2009, The Biracial and Multicultural Student Experience a journey to racial literacy, Corwin, Sage Ltd, USA.Glover, A 1991, Young children and function a report of a study of two and three year olds, Australian Catholic University, Sydney. Pulido-Tobiassen, D, Gonzalez-Mena, J 2005, Learning to Appreciate Differences, Early Childhood Today, vol. 20, issue 3, viewed 2 April 2011, retrieved from Victoria University Database. Robinson, K 2006, Diversity and Difference in Early Childhood Education, Bell and Bain Ltd, Glasgow, viewed 1 April 2011, retrieved from Ebrary database.

Proposal for IPS

Current Issues and Challenges for Stakeholders We can identify the stakeholders as the primary users (management, staff and customers) of the Simple Gateway network which are affected by the deferential issues noted in the RFC. The issues and challenges are a. Document Versions Primarily affects office and management staff that receive data and make decisions based on incorrect information. The fleck of errors that happen due to multiple magnetic variations of documents and forms floating around the sites increase inconsistencies.Business processes rely on consistency and having no set process for document concurrent version system (C.V.) or single point of file access affects the tasks employees perform. B. Storage Localization Collaboration In the current environment affects all stakeholders as easily as business outcomes. A network using a non-centralized storage layout makes these tasks difficult. Non-centralized storage is expensive to setup, maintain, and manage. Issues rel ated to ownership, management, and version control are also created due to this.The information retrieval process is being an impediment to the efficiency of he staff and the work they perform. C. human being Resources Processes Staff benefits are being affected by manual request processing. Sick leaves, vacation time and other common HRS tasks are affecting employees satisfaction with the employer and more than likely generating feelings that also affects performance and salutary doltishly to server customers. II Performance Comparison KIP Current Environment Proposed Environment Document Versions and Data Sharing Multiple versions are passed mingled with office staff.Incorrect information is used to make business decisions. Site files are stored on local filibuster. Sharing Is done via email. Enterprise storage will be centralized wealth dapple asss One Drive, helping in business decision making. Stakeholders will have access to the latest document version available. administ rative Tasks Management Sick leave or vacation requests are paper-based and slow. Forms and other workflow documents used by staff will be available within Office asss Sharpening module, automating the submission and reducing response times. Servers Each office operates Its own file and email servers.Centralization of data and as management overhead. Productivity Suite current edition of office will be used. Ill Recommendations Latest edition of office is used. For the centralization of documents and forms at Simple Gateways, the proposed solving is Microsoft Office 365 for the Enterprise. Office 365 is a web-based, workup collaboration and office productivity suite that provides access to centralized storage across the locations using common web browser applications. It includes tools such as Sharpening, Exchange, and twelve noon for Business for shared storage.Office 365 is offered as a AAAS (Software as a Service). Office 365 delivers the same features of locally hosted serv ices without the associated overhead of managing a server infrastructure. The management tractableness ensures that control and aegis are retained for compliance requirements and is enhanced by providing centralized storage. Some of the advantages of the solution are a. Cross Device Accessibility Office 365 has mobile APS that the access and interaction with the platform easy wherever the user connects from and across various devices b.Management Easiness The administration console allows for easy management of policies and security of the content and features within Office 365. Automated maintenance ensure an always up-to-date with the latest features with minimal downtime c. Enterprise grade reliability and standards Features state-of- the-art user look control, premier disaster recovery capabilities, expert monitoring and support, geographically-distributed hosting decanters with continuous data backup and redundancy. To comply with the human resources needs presented in the R FC, a Human CapitalManagement (HCI) solution is recommended. For this, Epicures Spectrum HCI has been selected. Epicures web-based HRS software provides a comprehensive solution for workforce and benefits management, offering employees direct access to view and control their own human resource information. The solution includes Human resources management Performance management Talent management Benefits and absence tracking Payroll IV- Solution Justification same time, these solutions are provided through the familiar port wine of a web- browser which reduces the learning curve.

A Woman’s Place and a Man’s Duty Essay

The writer Maria Del Carmen Triana explains the huge difference between the brook income spread over the old ages between work forces and bragging(a) females. and how it plays an of import function in todays competitory society. Gender income spreads have buy the farm a hot argument subject for many. Gender income spreads pile impact a matrimony and household every bit good as agent clash in the work topographic heighten. Sexual favoritism besides plays an of import function in Gender income spreads every bit good. In most(prenominal) merged and White Collar occupations. stereotypes and pay earner position have an consequence on work forces and adult females. Triana explains what she calls home related spillover discrimination which is. adult females existence primary pay earners in families.Triana besides goes on to explicate that a major pay difference between work forces and adult females could be a new signifier of sexual favoritism. Because this is one of the first surv eies demoing pigeonholing functions. it can merely be an premise. Harmonizing to Triana. research in the work topographic point are being penalized thru pay gaining for gender function playing. ( Dipboye 1985 Heilman 1983 ) . Triana Proposes that the thought of what effeminate and masculine behaviour in the work topographic point should be can really work against the female primary pay earner. She feels that this gender behaviour could act upon people to under- award the female to maintain them from wining excessively far in front of their hubbies.Gender Deviance and Household WorkIn this article about Gender Roles. Daniel Schneider studies that twosomes passing a significant sum on maintain such as fixs around the house. shopping. cookery and cleansing could be defined as Gender Work. Housework was one time referred to as a adult females occupation. Studies show that work forces are stepping into the place to assist in the place and watch the kids while the female parent ful fills her occupation demands in Corporate America. The writer claims that predictions have been concentrating on matrimonial womans that earn more than their hubbies. which stereotype the staff of life victor as normalcy. The writer refers to this as Gender Deviance. Harmonizing to his research. married twosomes have been known to neutralize the gender aberrance by spliting the work burden at place. An illustration of this would be work forces rinsing dishes. turn uping cloths cookery and cleansing. while supplying less income and adult females working long hours at work to supply the bulk of the income for the household. Schneider besides argues that what work forces and adult females do in the occupation market may really good impact family work and hours. Schneider goes on to province that work forces who work in businesss stereotyped to be feminine could be seen as a signifier of gender aberrance every bit good.Schneider uses informations gathered from the National Survey of Fa milies and Households ( NSFH2 ) to carry on his research. He goes on to explicate that gender aberrance is the merchandise of societal behaviors of some kind. and that if adult females did non gender themselves some actions would non do any sense. Over a period of press clipping adult females have reduced the sum of clip spent on housekeeping and increased societal activities with the childs to assist balance of a parent being absent from develop events. Surveies besides show an addition in the work forces actively take parting in parent/teacher conferences and after school patterns while the adult females are in the work force.MentionsSchneider D. Gender aberrance and family work the function of business. American Journal of Sociology. January 2012 117 ( 4 ) ( p. 1029-1072. )Triana C. del M. ( 2011 ) . A womans topographic point and a mans responsibility how gender function incongruence in ones household life can heed in home-related spillover favoritism at work. Journal of Bu siness and Psychology. 26 ( 1 ) . ( p. 71-86. )

The Banking Concept

Through Freires The Banking Concept of Education, we see the effects this concept has on its students and also we see the effects that the alternate concept, problem-posing has. The banking concept allows the students to become vessels of knowledge, not being able to learn at a creative pace. By utilise communism, seeing through how education is taught in the classroom, it is parallel to Freires banking concept. We can see that both ideas are similar and both were harmful to the human mind. charm banking poses the threat of creative growth and origin, Marxism, which applies Marxs ideas to learning in a communistic demeanor, it creates the threat of never being able to learn. The banking concept is a ease up bestowed by those who consider themselves knowledgeable upon those who they consider to know nothing (Freire 213). The goal of the banking concept is to deposit as much information into the students as possible.This results in lost memorization without the real understandi ng and discouragement of creative thought. They cannot think for themselves. As Marx writes, just as there are two types of learning, banking and problem-posing, he explains that society is this way also. There is the upper class and subordinate classes. They both struggle for economic and political power and the primary way the upper class keeps its power is through their beliefs and values.They are allowed to think. The subordinate classes believe they are subordinate due to the upper classes prestige and way of thinking. Like Freires banking concept, education is the way to keep students pop out and this works because the students accept all knowledge from the teacher, just like the dominant class in Marxs ideology, keeps the subordinate classes submissive. There are also things that flip Freires ideas of teaching that leave Marx at a disadvantage.This is because most submissive people will eventually fight back to get their ideas heard. So thence the banking concept has a fla w in itself. When Marx talks about the subordinate classes believing that they had to live up to the upper class, he forgot to mention that throughout time, an loaded people will figure out that they deserve better than what they are receiving. Overthrowing a government or standing up to a figure of power allows the submissive to no longer not be able to learn.They learn through facing what they had been crushed by for so long. Banking will eventually degenerate to its demise, to its students. This will then pave the way to actually learning something that is useful and can be utilized. Banking and Marx both do not realize that you cannot keep something vague out of sight, a people that can learn and live, without having to keep them subservient.

School funding and resources Essay

These cut offs have not started today but have been in existence for a long time. One of the major issues is inequity and inadequacy. There is a funding difference between the tax wealthy district schools and the poor school districts that have tax capacity that is limited. This to some extent affects the education theatrical role due to low financial resources (Crawford, 2006). Secondly there is the issue of political ideology. Politics affect the funding in schools greatly.Politics affect the budgeting that takes place in schools. The schools have limited authority on imposing additional taxes for educational purposes unless they gain full support of the legislative assembly. Level of funding is dependent on the resources operable for these resources to be fully utilized the legislature must be in full support. Another major issue facing funding in schools is the hearty influence. The influence that comes from the surrounding environment of the schools matter a lot to how the resources are utilized and how funding takes place.If there is negative social influence then the issue of funding becomes very difficult. Positive social influence is important both in urban and suburban areas (Bartolomeo, 2004). The problem of inequity and inadequacy can be addressed by ensuring that all schools receive funding depending on their size and location. It can also be solved by ensuring that the schools with little resources get extra bills. The strengths of these solutions are such as it will upgrade schools that are at low levels.However the weakness is that it is difficult to give some schools more funds than others and call that equity (Crawford, 2006). To solve the problem of political ideology the schools should be allowed to tax some extra fee when necessary for school funds. Also the legislature should not be playing a role on determining the amount to be taxed. The strength of this solution is that the schools will have a materialise to make funding decision s better while the weakness it has is that it could lead to poor budgeting.The solution to negative social influence is ensuring that the surrounding individuals are not likewise involved in school funding matters. Also ensuring that the school is not affected by external factors when it comes to funding could help. The strength of these solutions is that funding will be easier. Its weakness is that schools could loose on some other aspects it gains from social influence (Bartolomeo, 2004). References Bartolomeo, C. (2004). The funding divide. American Teacher, 6-7. Crawford, C. (2006). The Critical Issue of Financing Schools. the Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin, 22-26.

Middle School Graduation Speech

Today you are graduating middle school. Some of you are sitting in your seats thinking its just middle school, its non really even a big deal. I know that because that was me at the same season last year however its a big deal. Three years of your conduct are gone, some of you may believe you get to nothing to show for these three years, but that could not be farther from the truth. You have grown, not Just In the getting taller sense- but In the sense that you are becoming the person you are meant to be.You have developed your own ideas and your own sense of the world. You have learned many many things, even if you dont believe so. You have challenged yourself without knowing and made the adults in your life so proud of you in Just three years. So what about the next four years you have here at Greenville? What ordain you attain? What about your years after you leave us? How many heights will you reach? The world Is yours. The world Is yours to conquer and to change. Maybe It will share you years to decide how you want to live your life, or maybe you already know.Maybe you now now and will change your mind, and that is perfectly fine. Maybe you will pop on a road that is not for you or maybe you will get lucky and take the correct path on your first try. You will get hurt and you will fall down. When this happens, chances are you wont want to get back up, but you have to. If you let life keep you down you will go nowhere. So dont listen to things people say about you, because the only opinion of you that matters Is what you think of yourself. Not everyone Is going to love you, actually a bulk of people will hardly even like you.But who really cares about those people? If they waste their time trying to knock you down, they obviously arent even cost me taking the time to talk about. You only have a short amount of time here, and you should use every minute of it wisely so when the time comes and your life flashes before your eyes you are not disappo inted with what you see. So learn everything you can. Take advantage of every opportunity given to you. Stand up and use your words for good, and always remember to dance In the rain.Youll get mixed up, of course, s you already know. Youll get mixed up with many odd birds as you go. So be sure when you step. Step with care and great tact and remember that Lifes a Great Balancing Act. Just never will to be dexterous and deft. And never mix up your right foot with your left. And will you succeed? (98 and 3/4 percent guaranteed. ) Kid, youll move troops So Be your name Buxom or Boxy or Bray or Moroccan All Van Allen Ashes, youre off to Great Places Today is your day Your mountain is waiting. So Get on your way

Analysis of Julia Alvarez’s In the Time of the Butterflies

In history, we are given continuous documents that consist of except facts. Facts are pleasant, tho facts cover only general Ideas that are given. History texts completely Ignore and are as well as blind to concluded what Is behind the facts, the emotions of those who fetch level/experienced those specific events. Not only that, but by only allowing people to understand maven side of a story logically or emotionally is bias and creates a single story. Creating a single story would be unbalancing because it allows people to only understand things through one perspective, and the importance of perspective is truly vital.By including more than than unless the facts emotions will allow readers to have a better understanding of the signifi hindquartersce of how emotions can impact and change an entire logos base document. Authors have motives to tell stones, and In the process of doing so, being able to do It In a creative way. But, by only including those basic things that they already spang logos Is uncreative, and this would make them Just Like those who have written historical documents. If these authors Introduce a wider Idea, that would make them creative.One author, Julia Olivarez has achieved in doing so, in her book, In the Time f The Butterflies. Julia Olivarez introduces this judgement of how fiction is her way of understanding history when attempting to recreate the story of the Miramar sisters. When Julia Olivarez creates her novel, she says, l wanted to immerse my readers in an epoch in the life of the Dominican majority rule that I believe can only finally be understood by fiction, only finally be redeemed by the imagination(IPPP).As Julia Olivarez states this, we can get a visual of her motive as an author, being able to recreate history, but by using her imagination to allow readers to understand beyond the facts that are given. She continues to say how, In historical fiction, equity Is often based on emotional validity rather than fac tual reality. Julia strives to create her novel with justness that consists of emotional validity rather than keeping her novel factual Like any other historical document. She attempts to expand her novel In ways that not only will be educating, but so that it will be understood with desire from the readers.Being given a book, you dont always think that the book will guide true evidence of the truth of history. But, Julia Olivarez believes that a novel is not, after all, a historical comment, but a way to travel through the human message (IPPP). When Olivarez says this, she Is trying to allow the reader to understand that through her book, her motive is to be creative but also being able to teach history. Julia believes by including emotions of those who have undergone the true struggle, would be understanding the truth. Which leads to Skirt Jumbos Idea of lived history. Because those are the Olivarez has this idea of how novels are a way to travel through the human heart (IPPP) . Because her of import motive of writing her novel is to allow readers to become one with the characters and reading a novel with emotions is a way to know the character at a overmuch deeper level. She continues by saying, Because once Im in a novel, Im in characterthe truth jibe to character. Julia allows the readers to understand the truth according to the characters in her book, l Patria looked in his face.He was a boy no older than Norms her son. Maybe thats why I cried out, Get down, son Get down (IPPP) When Julia wrote this, she wrote it to allow the reader to be more than Just a spectator, but to understand the feeling that Patria had when he was on her trip to Constants for her spiritual retreat. She connects it to how the real truth can only be found according to the character. The truth which is only found through the perspectives of the person/people who has experienced the history which the events took place.Although, Vladimir Nabob, who wrote an except from, Good readers and Good Writers, would disagree because he questions how novels are sure-footed of telling historical documents. Because historical documents contain vast amounts of informational texts. He questions, Can we expect to glean information about places and times from a novel?. pressure that novels arent meant to tell history or cant in general, he continues to explain how novels are truly represented, that although great novels are great fairy tales the greater the novel, the more imperious its fairy tale qualities.These great novels create their own world they do not tell historical truth. Many times, people assume that the truth is found from scientific texts, but what kind of truth are they searching for exactly? A scientific truth that consisted of knowledge which only these educated Caucasians possessed? In the Yellow come down controversy, there were legion(predicate) times when pathos and logos conflicted. During the potash of Yellow Rain, the Radiology cast admitt ed that they were in search of the truth. They were in search of the truth, and they based their truth on facts only. Although Robert specifically requested of Eng Yangs experienced knowledge, his perspective of truth was ignored. In the potash, Aka Lila Yang says, what we know has been questioned again and again We have lost too much heart, and too many people in the process. When Aka Lila says this, she was filled with emotions and because of these emotions, it sparked an interest into the human ear. Emotions tend to interest readers/people more because its indulging.Even though the use of factual evidence is one of the main strategies that people use to tell history, emotions tend to be a better and more engaging way to truly understand history. In many times, people can be taught a certain historical event, but with only facts people usually dont see to care to remember what is taught to them. But when theres more to the facts such as the emotions, people are interested and ten d to desire to hear, read, or even seek for more information. Including emotions rather than the facts alone allows readers to have a better understanding document/discussion.

Management Function Essay

All brass instruments depend on concourse efforts. Teamwork and group action hasten become necessary in every day of life, and it leave behind travel to the success in group efforts. The management depart be very important to the groups because it kindle helps to turn over group goals, volunteers maximum resources to his or her aggroup, minimizes the cost, establishes sound organization, and generates more than welf atomic issue forth 18 to his or her police squad. Management functions, motorbuss skills, management control and strategic management process lead be hit the booksd to qualify how an splendid omnibus should be.Four Management FunctionsThe four management functions comprise the primary functions to the music directors. These four functions which are planning, organizing, trail and controlling can be used in every(prenominal) fields of management, be it at a factory, a super market, a restaurant or even at home.PlanningManagers exact to bring to pass the planning function to define goals, establish strategies to achieve these goals and develop sub plans to coordinate activities for his or her team members. For example, as a merchandising manager in the supermarket cooking stove business, the manager necessitates to define what the moreovert joint customers like Western people, South East Asia people or East Asians the supermarkets want to attract. After define the goals are attract more and more Asian-Canadian families, the manager need to establish strategies like bringing Asian-Canadian families uncontaminating foods and introducing the diversity of Asian food culture at stores that offer exceptional convenience, service, and value to those Asian customers. Then, carve up of sub plans like which kind of merchandises should be merchandise and the merchandises wrong setting strategies forget be true by the manager and pass to distinguishable buyers to familiarity up.OrganizingManagers need to arrange job duties to his or her team members to achieve the organizations goal. The managers will determine what tasks should be done, who will responsible for the task and how the tasks are to be grouped. For example, as the merchandising manager in the supermarket range of mountains business, the manager needs to organize his or her team to different group and each group will in charge of different merchandises by categories like drink, snack, rice oil and noodles. After different teams have been organized, each teams supervisory program will be selected by the merchandising manager. The buyers will report to their supervisors and the supervisors will report to the merchandising manager. star(p)Managers need to lead their team members to achieve the organizations goals. The leading function will require the managers to provide severe communication skills and lead ship skills to resolve the behavior issues. As the merchandising manager in the supermarket chain business, some conflicts will be appear ed with different buyers. Buyers will provide some products that buyers want to promote to be the promotion products in each weeks flyer, due to the limited space of the flyer, non all the products will be selected to be the promotion products by merchandising manager. The manager will use the communication skills and lead ship skills to let the buyers know why their products cannot be selected and what they should improve next time. guaranteelingThe brave out management function is controlling. Managers need to approximate and monitor employees surgery and make sure every tempo is correct to achieve the goals. As the merchandising manager, the merchandises sales are the key performance index to evaluate buyers performance. Usually, merchandising manager will use category sales to evaluate each teams performance and total stores sales growth percentage to evaluate the whole surgical incisions performance.Skills essential by ManagersTechnical skills, human skills and conceptua l skills are three most important skills required by managers. Though these three skills, managers can know more about(predicate) the specified filed they are working, have infract interpersonal relationship with people and have more ideas when facing the complex situations.Technical skillsManagers need have strong technical skills in the specified filed because the managers need to deal with his or her employees when the employees face some difficulties during the working. The managers will give help and lead the employees to solve technical problems to achieve the organizations goals. For example, as a merchandising manager in the supermarket chain business, he or she must have strong purchasing skills, budgeting skills, know salutary with different merchandises that are sold in stores and inventory management skills.Human skillsManagers must have capacity to work well with different employees. Managers with perfect human skills, they can receive more and more impudence from their employees and the employees can make full effort to achieve the organizations goals. As the supermarket chains merchandising manager, he or she should get well not only with different buyers, but also with store levels employees. If the manager can work well with store levels employees, the products that they imported can be displayed very well and follow merchandising departments pricing strategies, as a result, the companys goal can be achieved easily.Conceptual skillsManagers must have ability to analyze and provide solutions when facing difficulties or complex situations. In the business world, top-level management positions usually required to have this skill. For example, as the merchandising manager in the supermarket chain business, when the mod store will be opened, the manager will use conceptual skills to analyze what the best location is, what the best merchandises will be on shelf and what the target sales will be generated and so on. Also, if one of categories sales was continuing decreasing in the past several weeks, the manager need provide insight and solutions to the category team to help them overcome the difficulties.Two Views of Management ControlOmnipotent view of managementThe traditional view of managers is that they are directly responsible for organizations success and failures. When the organizations performance is poor, the managers should provide reasons and solutions when the organizations performance is good, the managers should get the credit even if they only do little things to achieve the goals. exemplary view of managementManagers only have limited effects on organizational outcomes and performances because of the large number of factors like customers, competitors, governance policies and economy outside the control of managers.Both omnipotent view of management and typic view of management purpose are to achieve organizations goals and provide the excellent performance to the organizations. As well, any omnipot ent view of management or symbolic view of management, managers needs to make decisions within organizations when something happened. similar the merchandising manager in the supermarket chain business, if stores sales are continuing decreasing, whatever the reason is merchandises price are not attractive or the outside economy is in downtrend, the manager need provide insights and solutions to improve sales for the company. However, there are big differences between omnipotent view of management and symbolic view of management.The managers will in charge of everything for organizations success and failures under omnipotent view of management but under the symbolic view of management, lots of external factors will affect organizations performance, so the managers do not have big effects on organizational outcomes and performances. As the merchandising manager in the supermarket chain business, when stores sales are continuing decreasing, the manager will think if customers do not l ike the merchandises that they imported or the merchandises price is too high for the customers under omnipotent view of management, then the manager will provide solutions to improve the sales however, under the symbolic view of management, the manager will think about if stores sales were effected by strong competitions in the market or the downtrend of economy.Strategic Management workStep1 identify the organizations current thrill, goals and strategies rationalise The mission, goals and strategies of an organization are very important to employees, peculiarly for managers. Managers need to create scope work by step to achieve organizations goals, missions and strategies. Example A supermarket Inc. mission is that attract more and more Asian-Canadian families, bringing Asian-Canadian families fresh foods and introducing the diversity of Asian food culture at stores that offer exceptional convenience, service, and value to those Asian customers. The merchandising manager need bring in more Asian products to the stores to attract customers.Step2 do an internal analysisExplain An internal analysis about the organizations resources and capabilities will be done to indentify the organizations strength and weakness Example The merchandising manager will do an internal analysis to indentify the companys strength which is have different kinds of Asian foods cross grocery, produce, seafood and bakery and weakness which is lack of experience about what kind of western foods is able for Asian customers.Step3 do an external analysisExplain An external analysis about the business environment, government policies, and competitions will be done to help managers know opportunities and threats for organizations. Example The merchandising manager will do an external analysis to know the opportunities and threats for the company. Opportunities are more and more Asian families move to Toronto and lots of fag out supply in the market. Threats are the strong competitions populate in Torontos Asian supermarkets field.Step4 grow strategiesExplain After identify organizations missions and finished internal and external analysis, managers need formulate strategies to achieve organizations mission home base on SWOT. Example The merchandising manager formulates the strategy which is open more new stores to achieve the companys mission. More and more Asian families move to Toronto and lots of labor supply in the market, new stores will be easy opened and can attract more Asian customers. Meanwhile, strong competitions exist in the market, the company need to increase the number of stores to low the products cost.Step5 implement strategiesExplain After managers formulate the strategies, lots of members will be involved to implement the strategies to achieve organizations goals. Example The merchandising manager will request his or her buyers to import more Asian merchandises for new stores, work with the store operation department to decide the layout of stores and work with finance department about new stores budget.Step6 evaluate resultsExplain After the strategies were implemented, managers need to evaluate the results to see if achieve the organizations goals and make any adjustments if necessary. Example After new store was opened, the managers need to calculate if stores sales had been achieved the target. If not, the manager will provide solutions to improve store sales immediately.

Nick Names Formation in Lendang Nangka Sasak Menu-Mene Varity and Arabic Languages

NICK NAMES FORMATION IN LENDANG NANGKA SASAK MENU-MENE VARITY AND ARABIC LANGUAGES A Research Writting An NT talk communication and Culture Final Assignment Lecturer Dr. Kamaludin Yusra By Samsul Bahri/12J012060/A ENGLISH EDUCATION GRADUATE course of instruction MATARAM UNIVERSITY 2013 Acknowledgement I would like to express my grate adequate and appreciation to my honourable lecturer Dr. Kamaludin Yusra, who would like to wait patiently for months for a battle cry from me, then respond sympatic altogethery and constsructively within days. This assigment is written to accomplish a final examination chore for Nusa Tenggara Languages Culture and Contact.I am interested to focus my training on Sasak varity nick happen upon calling organisation as I effect them meaning(a) points to discuss to defining how nick bod calling in Sasak varity language atomic number 18 exploited. So remote I open it is hard to do this as the previous seek for this moreover. I tried hard to fo cus this explore beca social function lack of academic writting background knowledge and references. These be my become obstacles to do this seek writting. But this starting signal experience I hope exit be my best teacher to do better in the future. I am afraid there argon some mistakes in this dim-witted research proposal, I do hope there pass on be some suggestions to make it better.Samsul Bahri CONTENTS Acknoledgementi Contentsii A. inception1 B. Research Questions3 C. inspection of Literarture3 D. Research Methodology10 * Population10 * Sample11 * Data Collection11 * Data Analysis11 E. Discussion 11 F. Conclussion55 References Nick stirs Formation in L dismissang Nangka Sasak Menu-mene Varity and Arabic Languages Abstract This research stem discussed to the highest degree nick cross off plantation in LendangNangka Sasak meno-mene vocabulary and Arabic nic elevate calling. closely of sasak find atomic number 18 influenced by Arabic work as Islam is prepo nderantly holiness for Lendang Nangka village inhabitats.As call is indistinguishability of a soul its has very strategic role for human being. Naming custom varies greatly from mass to masses. Terms relates in- individual call much(prenominal) as ad hominem puddle, family scores, given take a leaks and Nick differentiate. The nick name createation in some cases similar to Arabic language. In Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene language. The meaning of Nicknames in like manner has it testify place in the dialect. A nickname is unremarkably familiar or humorous entirely sometimes pointed or fell name given to a mortal or place . Nicknames gradations in the dialect through subroutine of truncation ( sawed-off), phonological process(replacing a hard-pressed vowel and a onsonant), psychical characteristic and attri yetes. Nicknames withal associate to close friend and social solidarity. small-arm in Arabic nicknames makeup has its own way to form it. This res earch uses descriptive research methodology. The method employ in this research is descriptive method. The goal of this research is to detect the institution, structure and meaning of the names in Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene varity language and Arabic. The population of this research the inhabitants of Lendang Nangka village. This reserach studies some the personal names and nicknames. in that respect are 6357 names.The info are gained from primary and unessential sources. Key intelligences Sasak varity, Arabic, Personal Names, Nicknames, defining, truncation, phonological, animal(prenominal) Characteristic, Lendang Nangka, menu-mene dialect. A. Introduction A name is inseparable circumstance to human being, place or occasion. A name is a password or term utilise for identification. Names can let on a shape or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. A personal name identifies a specific unique and identifiable individual person. Though Ind mavensia is home to many an(prenominal) diverse ethnical groups and languages.Those exaggerated the varies greatly surrounded by these groups in names. The dominant ethnic group is the Malayan wad (whose languages include Ind whizzsian, Javanese). Generally, all Indonesians reach one or more given names. several(prenominal) ethnic groups also use a family name or kin name, some other(a) groups use a patronym. Some Indonesians deplete neither a family name nor a patronym. (Salahudin Ahmad,1999). Personal names are considered as classic incision for personal identity. Sasak people consider names has special meaning, and there is a special performance to do in appellation new natural baby as one of the life cycles/second in Sasak people.As predominantly religion, islamic cross off formation influences close to of Sasak names. Islam is closely relate to arabic date dodge although it is non totally influenced the Sasak names. Islamic designation system are utilise commonly in Sasak muslim good bring home the baconers. Lendang Nangka village inhabitants are muslim. The inhabitants of Lendang Nangka village are consider as moderate muslim. This makes awareness that fitting system is non totally following Islamic naming system although many of the people in the villages use Arabic names much(prenominal) as Muhammad, Ahmad, Abdurrahman, Abdullah, Wahid, Syafii, Siti Aisah, Siti Hadijah, Mariam, etc. nd some others Arabic root terms such(prenominal) as Nurul Hayati, Nurul Aini, Laitul Fitri which they considered as Islamic naming systems. On the other book many personal names are influenced by non Arabic names, horse opera, Hindus and Javanese, or by their own installation naming systems. And the last naming system is naming by local Sasak names (although there is no written rules about this but this is beneficial ground on the local story and information). resuscitate to the root of this research a name in short f orm is called Nickname. match to Free Online Dictionary(2009) nickname is a descriptive name added to or replacing the actual name of a person, place, or thing. Where as The Wordsworth Concise side of meat Dictionary(1988) defines Nickname as a name given in contempt or playing periodive familiarity. A nickname is a normally familiar or humorous but sometimes pointed or savage name given to a person or place (Oxford Dictionary Online, 2012), as a purportedly appropriate second-stringer for or addition to the proper name.Nicknames whitethorn based on a persons name or various attributes such as (in disciplineity the example taken from American names) smidgen (Bones for a forensic scientist,Doc for a doctor ,Sparky for an electrician, Geek for a computer technician, Sarge for a military Sergeant, Moneybags for a wealthy person, Sir or Maam for a person of a higher rank) Physical characteristics (Weight Fatso or Slim for a person who is overweight or thin, respectively. Heigh t Beanpole for a person who is tall, Shortie or small-fry for a short person. Haircolour Red, Ginger, Ranga, or Bluey for a person with red hair. Blondie a girl with blonde hair. Baldness Chrome dome for a person whose scalp reflects the light. Complexion pinky for a person with Rosacea, Zit or pizza-face for severe acne, various racial slurs for skin color. Personality (Talkative Motormouth, Chatterbox, Ratchet-Jaw, ChattyKathy wide-awake Nervous Nellie Pessimistic Sad Sack Negative Debbie Downer, Glamorous Stunning Signe, Boring naked Jane, Typical Average Joe. This Research paper focuses on the analysis of nick names formation in Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene varity and Arabic languages.This payoff is based on the personal names of Sasak and their relationship to Arabic personal names. As we know naming system in Sasak names are moslty influnce by religious aspects. So far I set that it an interesting topic to disscuss about nick names formation as it is merely run agroun d the academic writting of how the Sasak nick name are organize. I prefer to specify the Sasak menu mene varity as it is my rise language and it is interesting to relate the naming system with Arabic as both of them uses broadly speaking use Arabic personal names as the inhabitants considered Islam belivers.B. Research Question * What are the naming systems in Sasak meno-mene varity and Arabic language? * What are the meaning of Lendang Nangka Sasak Meno-mene varity and Arabic personal names? * How are Arabic and Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene varity nicknames formed? * Does Arabic nicknames formations contribute to Lendang Nangka Sasak nicknames formations? C. Review of Literature According to Merriam-Webster (2012) name is Word or phrase that constitutes the classifiable designation of a person or thing . By a name we can identify each other.In general term, a name is a label for a noun a person, place or thing. Naming customs vary greatly from people to people. Some names car ry information about our roots, such as family or clan names, which are generally inherited. Terms relates personal names such as personal name ,family names, given names and Nick name. In some cases they are very simple, such as those of many Indonesians names who use just a single name. On the other heap, names could also be very analyzable such traditional Chinese (Wikipedia, 2007).A given name, in Western contexts much referred to as a premier name, is a personal name that specifies and diametricaliates between fellow members of a group of individuals, especially in a family, all of whose members usually share the self homogeneous(prenominal) family name or surname. Arabic names were historically based on a long naming system some Arabs did non simply put one over given/middle/family names, but a full chain of names. This system was in use throughout the Arab creation. The given name is evermore followed by the fathers world-class name, then the fathers family surna me. font Name Muhammad ibn Saeed ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Filasteeni. Wikipedia, 2007). The pick up of personal names has attracted a number of scholars over the years. at that place are many views regarding the way in which personal names are bestowed. This section aims to provide a overview of what previous scholars have found as far as personal naming is concerned. Scholars such as Koopman (1986 1989), Thipa (1983 1987), Herbert (1990 1995), Saarelma-Maunumaa (1996 1999), Stayt (1931), Monnig (1967), Mbiti (1969), Moyo (1996), Kimeyi (1989), Dickens (1985) and Bosch and De Klerk (1995) have based their interchanges on some of the personal naming patterns.As far as African traditional burnish is concerned, the selection of personal names is influenced by many situationors. Most of these accompanimentors are diverse among cultures nevertheless, there are some states where they overlap. Jayaraman (2005 176) provides the following explanation of the Hindu tradition of personal nam ing practices a name non only reveals a persons self-identity, but also his or her cultural, sectarian, varna, and caste identities. Further, it is believed to signal ones spiritual worth not only in this world, but also in the next.In chance(a) life, Hindus give great significance to a personal name. As this study on Tshiven? a names will reveal, the naming ceremony of a child is an consequential level offt. It is also traditionally one of the major life circle rituals for a Hindu. In Southern India, it is usually performed on the twelfth day of a childs life. Customarily, some Hindus, who believe that even days are thriving for girls and uneven ones lucky for boys, hold that a boy should be named on the eleventh day and a girl on the twelfth.When the ceremony is to occur, and mainly in the case of the first child, both the fathers and the generates relatives visit the house where the fix gave birth (usually her natal home). Here, the guests are entertained with traditional sweets specially vigilant for the occasion. There are various considerations in the choice of a name. However, one essential element in the selection of a name in all parts of India is the birth star of a person. Most Hindus consult an astrologer to decide the appropriate name.In the south, as in other parts of India, names whitethorn tell of the joy and expectations of parents of young children. For example, if a child is born to a couple many years after marriage, he may be endearingly named after some precious metal or gem, such as Ratnam (diamond), Sona (gold), Banghru (gold) or Muthu (pearl). Naming may also be associate to other family experiences. For example, in Tamilnadu, if a family has experienced high child mortality, a surviving child may be named pichi (gift of god) if priapic, or Pichiamma if fe antheral. Elements of idiosyncrasy and creativity are also apparent in Indian naming customs.For example, an noble-minded professor of Telugu in Andhra Pradesh gave his d aughter one of the longest names encountered Sri Arunachala Kadambavana Sundari Prasunnamba Kanyaka (the blessed virgin who is delightful and carries with her the glow of sunshine, the fragrance of garden flowers, and the presence of God). Bean (1980309), in his research on the bestowal of childrens names, found that it is often the duty of the parents, but may also be the duty of a senior kinsman or of a ritual specialist, and the participation of members of a larger community is also required ( e. . Ga names are bestowed by the senior patriarchal relatives). Beans (1980) view that the role of the ritual forms part of a childs acceptance into his family group, is in a way similar to views given by other scholars such as Mbiti (1967), Monnig (1967), Koopman (1989) and Stayt (1931) on the role of the rituals that accompany name-giving ceremonies. Andrei A. Avram paper looks into the structural properties of Japanese and side of meat truncated names. Name truncation is considered t o be a word-formation process and is analyzed from the perspective of Prosodic Morphology.Japanese and side truncated names are shown to be subject to strict prosodic requirements. Also discussed is the relation between name truncation and prosodic minimality in the two languages. Abigail study the ways in which truncation in Indonesian enriches our understanding of possible patterns of prosodic morphology and the nature of prosodic word requirements. The structure of the paper is first describe the patterns of truncation in Indonesian. He consider the question of word minimality and evidence for word minimality based on the stress facts of Indonesian.He describe and consider the implications of two classes of subminimal lyric in Indonesian, including a class of words containing schwa and the short forms of terms of verbalize and personal names. Both of these classes of words highlight the fact that word well-formedness and word minimality may be violable properties. He return to the question of truncation as prosodic morphology and briefly consider the Indonesian facts in light of recent theoretical claims about the nature of truncation. Langendonck (2008) made a nice survey to prove the universality of sources of surnames.Accordingly, they are derived roughly from the same sources across linguistically and culturally unrelated languages. For instance, in the English speaking countries, most surnames of British origin fall into several types occupations (eg Smith, Baker), personal characteristics (eg Short, Brown), geographical features (eg Hill, Lee) place names (eg Flint, Hamilton) patronymicsii(eg Richardson, Johnson) matronymics (eg Marriott from Mary) and paternal, from patronage (eg Hickman meaning Hicks man). In French, people are named, following the same traditions Legrand( the tall), le Carpentier (carpenter), le Parisien(from Paris).The same sources of surnames are true of the Spanish-speaking countries Delgado (thin), Molinero(miller), Aleman f rom (Germany). In Russian, one finds the same Tolstoy (fat or stout), Portnov (tailor),Moskova (from Moscow). Romanians follow the same procedures in deriving their surnames Barbu(bushy bearded), Fieraru(Smith), Munteanu(from the mountains) Moldoveanu(from Moldova). In Netherlands, the Dutch fool the same path in forming theirs De Groot(the great), Van Weert( of the city Weert) (ibid). During the pre-Islamic period and onward, Arabs used to follow certain traditions in choosing their personal names.Roughly, the same traditions have been followed in modern Arabic dialects. In classical Arabiciv, some names were chosen by tribes for various reasons (1) to threaten their enemies (eg Muqatil fighter, Ghalib winner, Asad lion) (2) to express their optimism of their sons (eg Sa6yd happy, Malik owner, Najy rescued) (3) to involve the sense of roughness of land or trees (eg al a thorny tree, hajar s distinction) or (4) the impudently born child is named depending on what his father come s across term the childs mother is being in labour.For instance, if the father meets a fox, the child will be named then Thalaba. The same holds true of dog kalib, triumph Ghurab (Ibin Duraid, d. 321H ,nd5f) (see also Althaaliby, d. 430 H, 2007 406f) Ibin Qutaybah(d. 276 H, 199967) adds that some peoples names are taken from names of plants(eg alqamah colocynth) others from peoples characteristics or attributes(eg al-kareem generous, al-shuja6 brave). In the Arabian Peninsula, females were named as males. This is attributed to the fact that the tribal societies at that time need e seen greater in number by others so that they would think a lot before encroaching(a) each other. After the rise of Islam, the tradition of naming persons by the use of plants or animals names went on and other factors for naming had become involved. For instance, beautiful names were chosen (al-Rabii Spring) and got widely spread repayable to the Prophets go under against the choice of pitiable nam es. He (P. B. W. H) recommended that parents should select beautiful names that bring happiness and satisfaction to newly born children.In surveying the traditions that Arabs followed in naming persons during the pre- and post-Islamic period, one finds that the same traditions have been roughly adopted by modern Arabic native speakers (Murad, 198436, 46). Al-Samaray (19614) adheres to a rather distinct view in that classical Arabic is no longer the variety communicate all over the Arab homeland i. e. different Arabic colloquial dialects are in use. This has had its impact on the way the PNs are used or chosen in every Arabic speaking country (see 2. 2. 1 below). However, Al-Samaray (p. ) does not state that the traditional ways of naming became totally absent(see 2. 2. 2 below). Ulaiq (200112ff) further indicates that PNs in SA and modern Arabic dialects are attributed to 1. Natural phenomena (eg Qamar the lunar month, kawkab planet, Hilal Crescent) 2. The sequential holy order of the newborn child which has sometimes a part to play in naming him or her(eg Faryd the unique, Walyd the whole, Rabia the fourth). 3. well-known or outstanding figures such as poets, heroes, wise men, presidents, artists or leading (e. g Siina Avicenna Saladdiin, AbdulNasir). . Grandfathers or grandmothers names to exhilarate them specially the eldest son. 5. Harmony of the names so as to be of the same musical tone of the family members (eg Ranny, Rajjy, Wally, Haddy). 6. Particular occasions or events(eg Ramadhan the fasting month, Najjah success, Zilzal earthquake) 7. The fear of envy in that ugly names are attributed to infants (as some people believe) to keep them away from being envied. Nevertheless, this tradition has become of a very nestling role to play out-of-pocket to the spread of education and knowledge in the Arab homeland.Sasak is a Western Malayo-Polynesian language spoken on the island of Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat province in eastern Indonesia (Austin, 2000, 2001). It is closely related to Samawa (spoken on the western half of Sumbawa Island to the east of Lombok) and Balinese, and sub-groups with them as a member of the Western-Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian . Relate to this research, the study of Sasak language has been done by many researchers, but in the other hand the study about Sasak nicknames is very hard to find.Acoodring to Austin (2000, 2001) Sasak language shows a wide range of local dialect variation in lexicon and syntax, which is the topic of ongoing investigation. There is also sociolectal variation with high, middle and low savoir-faire styles (Nothofer, 2000). Data for this paper is drawn from the Central and Southern varieties identified by their speakers as Meno-Mene, Meriaq-Meriku and Menu-Meni Sasak. As predominantly Islam believer Sasak and Arab people they mostly based their naming system on Islamic principles.The fact that this is the obligation of the father is shown by the principle that the child is ascribed and attributed to the father, as Allaah says, Call them (adopted sons) by (the names of) their fathers, that is more just in the Sight of Allaah. It is also allowed for the parents to allow others to name the child, since our Prophet (SAW) used to name some of the children of his Companions. The name should carry a good and praiseworthy meaning as the Messenger (SAW) said, On the Day of Resurrection, you will be called by your names and your fathers names, so make your names good. (Abu Dawood) It is recommended to call oneself a servant of Allaah (Abdullaah) or the servant of any of the names of Allaah. Then it is recommended to name a child after a prophet, due to the hadeeth, call yourselves by the names of the Prophets (Abu Dawood) and the hadeeth, a son was born to me this night and I called him after my beginner Ibraaheem (Muslim) Then it is recommended to name the child after any pious person in the hope that it will become like him/her. Then it is recommend ed to name by any name which has good meaning.It is proscribe to name a child with a name that denote servitude to other than Allaah, for example Abd an-Nabi, Abd ar-Rasool etc, just as it is forbidden to name them with names that are particular to the Unbelievers like George, Michael, Susan etc. The names of tyrants and evil personalities should be avoided such as Firawn, Qaroon, Abu Lahab etc.. Likewise it is disliked to name with the names of the Surahs of the Quraan like Taa Haa or Yaa Seen as is reported from Imaam Maalik and others. There is no authentic hadeeth which ascribes the above two as being names of the Prophet (SAW).As the influencing of globalization era, naming sytem also influences Lendang Nangka Sasak naming system. It is very common to find personal naming influnced by western names such, Heri from Harry, Linda, Tina, Sandi etc. More examples of differents names are presented in appendixes and in next discussion. D. Research Methodology This research uses desc riptive research methodology. The method used in this research is descriptive method. The goal of this research is to describe the formation, structure and meaning of the names in Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene varity language and Arabic.A similar view is expressed by Djaya Sudarma (200616). He said that this method is a descriptive overview of the characteristics of the selective information accurately in accordance with the nature of the data itself. The statement was supported by Sudaryanto Djayasudarma (199362) who argued that the descriptive method focused on giving a full overview on the actual state of the object under investigation. This study also used qualitative approach. this study is also related to research data that is not in the form of numbers, but in the form of words or phrases (Sudaryanto, 199362).Sudaryanto opinion is supported by Arikunto (1998193) who states that qualitative research is a desecriptive research because this study attempted to describe the data with the words or phrases that are separated by categories to obtain conclusions. base on the explanation above, the writer can say that the research is descriptive qualitative research mode is intended to provide a clear picture of the process of the formation, structure and phrase user names Lendang Nangka Sasak menu- mene varity * Population The population of this research is the inhabitants of Lendang Nangka village.Relates to the topic of this research the total names of the subject are 6357 names of Lendang Nangka inhabitants personal names. * Sample From total 6357 names there one hundreds personal names are taken as sample. Those samples are catagorized as first 100 hundred the most popular names in Lendang Nangka village * Data Collection There are two sources of data collection Primary and secondary data. The primary data are obtained directly from local people of Lendang Nangka village by questioning to the paticipants and observation. auxiliary Data source are taken from monography of local village office.Data source are in the form list of names local inhabitants. The number of the is 6357 personal names in the village (appendix ). Those total names will be group into the group of similarities of each names(appendix ). * Data Analisys. After all data are obtained the next step is to analize the data. Analysis is an effort to study and process the data to find out the conclussion. each group will be analized based on their formation and the form of the names, and their originals. All data are put into some cataogries 1. Their similarities pharase and sylabble 2. hind end 3.Ending word or prosodic 4. inwardness After all data are determined to their group. The next step is to analyse the process of each names become nicknames based on phenomena and observation. After all data collected , the next process is sorting names into their catagory utilise spread sheet Ms-Office Excell 2007 sorting system. For further analysis will be discussed in disscussion part . E. Disscussion The topic of this discussion will focus on the study of Lendang Nangka Sasak menu-mene varity names while on the other hand Arabic names disscus in not too deep discussion and analyis.The discussion will also be based on some theories and names. 1. Names Generally a name is a label for a noun a person, place or thing. More specifically a name is a label for a specific person, place or thing. These are sometimes called proper names. A name is a word or term used for identification. Names can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. According to Merriam-Webster(2012) name is Word or phrase that constitutes the distinctive designation of a person or thing . By a name we can identify each other.In general term, a name is a label for a noun a person, place or thing. look at the following examples Person * Heri * Megawati Sukarno Putri * Harun Al-Rasyid * Lalu Serinata * TGH. Muhammad Zainu l Majdi Name Noun Thing * Meja (Table) * Harimau (Tiger) * Lendang Nangka Place * Hotel * Lombok Sumbawa * Lendang Nangka * Bima 2. Personal names Relate to personal names, naming customs vary greatly from people to people. Some names carry information about our roots, such as family or clan names, which are generally inherited.Terms relates personal names such as personal name , family names, given names and Nick name. In some cases they are very simple, such as those of many Indonesians names who use just a single name. On the other hand, names could also be very complex such traditional Chinese(Wikipedia, 2007). A given name, in Western contexts often referred to as a first name, is a personal name that specifies and differentiates between members of a group of individuals, especially in a family, all of whose members usually share the same family name or surname.Arabic names were historically based on a long naming system most Arabs did not simply have given/middle/family nam es, but a full chain of names. This system was in use throughout the Arab world. The given name is everlastingly followed by the fathers first name, then the fathers family surname. Example Name Muhammad ibn Saeed ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Filasteeni. Sasak people naming system is considered as simple naming system such Muhammmad Amin, Aminah, Hadijah, emeer Masud, Samsul Bahri. The names mostly influences by Arabic names or words as most Sasak people are moslem.While in Greek utilise more love name as follows personal name(s) + patronymic + family name e. g. a son whose fathers name was Georgios might be called Spyros Georgiou Kyprianos same as in Bulgarian names personal name(s) + patronymic + family. e. g. Emil Petrov Christov (Wikipedia, 2007). A modern Chinese usually has (1) a surname (family name) or xing and (2) a given name (first name or Christian name), or ming (or mingzi ), ever in that order. Thus Deng Xiaoping is Mr. Deng with the personal name Xiaoping the same way John Jones is Mr.Jones with the personal name John. (Lelia, 1961). 3. Sasak language, personal names and origins a. Sasak language. The Sasak language is spoken on the island of Lombok (immediately east of Bali) by around 2. 5 million speakers (roughly 85% of the population of Lombok, which was recorded as 2,950,105 in 2005. It shows great internal variation, both geographical and social, with a complex linguistic ecology (Austin 2003) Sasak has traditionally been classified into five dialects meno mene, ngeno-ngene, meriyaq-meriku, kuto-kute, and nggeto-nggete.However, this classification does not seem to accommodate the substantiveity of the actual variation actual in Sasak, because there are also other dialects such as menu-meni and menung-mening. For instance, menu-meni speakers do not always agree to be in the category of meno-mene speakers, although the reason for this is hard to tell (Mahyuni, 2007). As Mahyuni stated that menu-meni speakers do not always agree to be in the cat egory of ngeno-ngene speakers. I preassumed, The sasak language which the people in Lendang Nangka (Where I live) east Lombok may categorized as meno-meni speakers even though located in the domain of ngeno-ngene dialect.Despite of category by A. Teeuw. In circumstance of geographic location, Lendang Nangka is surrounded by ngeno-ngene dialect speakers such, Jurit village in the east, Danger village in the south, Sangiang in the west and Borok Lelet in the north. Based on historical information, the inhabitants anchestor of Lendang Nangka were from the area of district Kopang Central Lombok (where as it is considered as menu-mene dialect speakers). b. Sasak personal Names In fact, Sasak do not generally use the Western naming practice of a given first name and a family last name nor arabic system which is consist of full chain of names.In general, the form Sasak personal names fall into the following categories * A single name Sahnep, Mahrap, Mahyan, Marep, Serinata, Sahnun, Sapnah , Riadah, Muhammad, Ahmad, Abdullah, Lasmi, Sintiawati, Kartika, Indra, Subawae, etc. * Two (or more) names without a family name Muhammad Safii, Siti Aminah, Safaril Ahyak, Yusran Ahmadi, Samsul Hadi, Laelatul Fitri. * Names for documentary system (marital certificate, passport, birth certificate) This category is based on Indonesian formal rule. A name following by fathers name Sahudin bin Muhammad (M), Fitriah binti Sahidun (F). Names based on the first child ( After a spouse has their first child bornt). Amaq/mamiq Sahudin (First child name is Sahudin, while Amaq means father so meaning The father of Sahudin). While the wife could be Inaq/Meme Sahudin (Inaq means mother so meaning the mother of Sahudin. In fact the of the father has his own personal name Abdurrahman or the mothers personal name Aminah. * Noble personal name Lalu is added before a male personal name, such as Lalu Suparlan, Lalu Serinate. Baiq is added before female personal name, such as Baiq Hikmah, Baiq Mustiar e. c. Origin of Sasak names.There is not specific informations about the original Sasak Names in spite of the fact that some of Sasak names are not found in other language names (Sahnep, Mahrep, Segep, Sinarep, Senep, Sahne, Amsiah, Rumlah, Sene, Selihan, Mahnan, Serinate (? ). The following description of the origin of Sasak names which are based on the language, culture and religious influences * Arabic word derived names Since Islam is the main religion for Sasak people , it is veryobviously to find Arabic first names as personal names in Sasak names such as Abdullah, Abdurrahman, Siti Aminah, Siti Hadijah. * Sanskrit derived namesAs the influenced of former ruler of Balinese in Lombok we will find some similarities in Sasak and Balinese such as in language and culture. Sanskrit derived names-names that may sound Hindu-influenced such as Indra, Bayu, Surya, Wisnu, Rama, , Bima, Dewi, Sri, Laksmi, Saraswati, Sintawati, etc. * Popular and esteemed person Names Sasak people also us e personal names following popular names taken honored person such as names of former presidents (Sukarno, Suharto, Megawati, Habibi), celebrity names (Desi Ratnasari, Rano Karno, Herman Felani, Anjasmara), sport champions names (Alan Budi kusuma, Verawaty, Rudi Hartono). Etc. * Western namesDue to the influence of Western popular culture and celebrities, many non- Sasaksalso have altered Western names like Sandy, Ricky, Alan, Meri (Marry), Linda, Amanda, Cindy,Heri (Harry), Meri (Marry), Sintia (Chintia) etc. The names can be found through Sasak family in suburb even in rural community. * Parents own Creation names. Some parents created their child names with their own idea and meaning. Such as persons who were born in certain times . Juliawati for a person who was born in July, Agustina in August, Oktaviana in October, Ramadani in Ramadhan month, Laelatul Fitri in the night before Iedl Fitri day, Purnawati in full moon night. . Lendang Nangka Sasak Meno-mene varity 100 Top names. So far there is no specific rules in Sasak naming sytem. Since most of Sasak people are muslim naming system is much closely related to Arabic names, although it is not totally follow the personal naming system for Arab people. Sasak personal names are similar to most Indonesian moslem names although some names appear as they are influences by western and Hindus names. Some other names are created by parents own creation which they based on other peoples names, time, place, nature, plants or thing they considered good names.The top 100 hundred names of 6357 names mostly used in Lendang Nangka Sasak village as shown in the following table Table. 1. Top 100 names in Lendang Nangka Sasak Meno-mene varity No. NAMES Total names % No. NAMES Total names % 1 SAMSUL (+ . ) 37 0. 58 51 anti 11 0. 17 2 Abdullah (+ ) 34 0. 53 52 DIAN 11 0. 17 3 SUMIATI 29 0. 46 53 HAERIAH 11 0. 17 4 JUMAKYAH 27 0. 42 54 HARNI 11 0. 17 5 JUNAIDI 25 0. 39 55 LINA 11 0. 17 6 MULIANI 23 0. 36 56 MARIANI 11 0. 17 7 SAPRI 22 0. 35 57 NURUL AENI 11 0. 17 8 Agus+ 20 0. 31 58 RIPAAH 11 0. 7 9 ahmad+ 20 0. 31 59 SAMSUDIN 11 0. 17 10 ERNA( +) 20 0. 31 60 SENIWATI 11 0. 17 11 LIA 20 0. 31 61 SUPRIADI 11 0. 17 12 Aisah 19 0. 30 62 ZAKIAH 11 0. 17 13 RIZAL 19 0. 30 63 Adi 10 0. 16 14 SRI ASMAWATI+ 19 0. 30 64 ana 10 0. 16 15 MULIADI 18 0. 28 65 HAERUNI 10 0. 16 16 NURHASANAH 18 0. 28 66 HENDRI 10 0. 16 17 HAMDIAH 17 0. 27 67 HERI 10 0. 16 18 IRWAN 17 0. 27 68 HERIANTO 10 0. 16 19 ROHANI 17 0. 27 69 HERMAN 10 0. 16 20 EKA 16 0. 25 70 JULIANA 10 0. 16 21 HAERANI 16 0. 25 71 LIANA 10 0. 16 2 NURHAYATI 16 0. 25 72 MAHYUNI 10 0. 16 23 ROZI 16 0. 25 73 MAWARDI 10 0. 16 24 Aminah 15 0. 24 74 PAJRI 10 0. 16 25 At 15 0. 24 75 PATIMAH 10 0. 16 326 IDA 15 0. 24 76 RONI 10 0. 16 27 MAHNUN 15 0. 24 77 ROSIDI 10 0. 16 28 NURUL + 15 0. 24 78 SALMIAH 10 0. 16 29 SAPIAH 15 0. 24 79 SUHAILI 10 0. 16 30 SURIANI 15 0. 24 80 YANTI 10 0. 16 31 Ani 14 0. 22 81 YULIANI 10 0. 16 32 NUR 14 0. 22 82 ZAKRAH 10 0. 16 33 NURAENI 14 0. 22 83 Ahyar 9 0. 14 34 YULIANA 14 0. 22 84 andri+ 9 0. 14 35 Andi 13 0. 0 85 ari 9 0. 14 36 JUMARTI 13 0. 20 86 DEDI 9 0. 14 37 RINA 13 0. 20 87 IWAN 9 0. 14 38 Anah 12 0. 19 88 MAHINUN 9 0. 14 39 DEWI 12 0. 19 89 NURUL 9 0. 14 40 DIANA 12 0. 19 90 PENDI 9 0. 14 41 EDI 12 0. 19 91 RIANAH 9 0. 14 42 ELI 12 0. 19 92 RIKA 9 0. 14 43 HAMDI 12 0. 19 93 SAHNUN 9 0. 14 44 JOHAERIAH 12 0. 19 94 SITI+ 9 0. 14 45 LINDA 12 0. 19 95 SUMARNI 9 0. 14 46 MARNI 12 0. 19 96 SUPARDI 9 0. 14 47 MULIANA 12 0. 19 97 US 9 0. 14 48 PADLI 12 0. 19 98 anto 8 0. 13 49 RENI 12 0. 19 99 AYU 8 0. 3 50 SAPRUDIN 12 0. 19 100 HALIMAH 8 0. 13 OTHERS 79. 05 The following table data is to describe the use of Arabic names Abdullah which is popular as Arabic name, the total number of inhabitants using Abdullah first names is 36 people e. Other popular form of Lendang Nangka Sasak Meno-mene varity. From the analysis of the data it is found that many of Sasak personal names characteristic has similar final sylables such as ,-udin, -ni, -di, -man, -ti, -ah, -na, -wan. The following are data show names with the characteristic above * Names with final sylable udin Names with final sylable di * Names with final sylable man * Names with end sylable na * Names with end sylable run * Names with end sylable wan * Names with end sylable -un * Names with end sylable to and no * Names with end sylable ah By observing the data above mostly naming system in Sasak meno-mene are very simple and it is tend to have similar names by using similar final sylables. 4. Arabic names, meaning and origins Arabic names were historically based on a long naming system most Arabs did not simply have given/middle/family names, but a full chain of names.This system was in use throughout the Arab world. The given name is always followed by the fathers first name, then the fathers family surname. Some surnames have a pre-fix of ibn- meaning son of (ould- in Mauritania) The surnames follow similar rules defining a r elation to a clan, family, place etc. Some Arab countries have differences due to historic rule by the Ottoman Empire or due to being a different minority. For example * Muhammad ibn Saeed ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Filasteeni Ism Muhammad (Proper name). Muhammad praised. Nasab Saeed (Fathers name). Saeed happy Nasab Abd al-Aziz (Grandfathers name).Abd al-Aziz Servant of the Magnificient. Nisbah al-Filasteenee (The Palestinian). Filasteen Palestine. Muhammad Saeed, son of Abdul-Aziz, the Palestinian This person would simply be referred to as Muhammad or by relating him to his first-born son, e. g. Abu Kareem (father of Kareem). To signify respect or to specify which Muhammad one is speaking about, the name could be lengthened to the extent necessary or desired. During the pre-Islamic period and onward, Arabs used to follow certain traditions in choosing their personal names. Roughly, the same traditions have been followed in modern Arabic dialects.In classical Arabiciv, some names were chosen by tribes for various reasons (1) to threaten their enemies (eg Muqatil fighter, Ghalib winner, Asad lion) (2) to express their optimism of their sons (eg Sa6yd happy, Malik owner, Najy rescued) (3) to involve the sense of roughness of land or trees (eg ala thorny tree,hajar stone) or (4) the newly born child is named depending on what his father comes across while the childs mother is being in labour. For instance, if the father meets a fox, the child will be named accordingly Thalaba. The same holds true of dog kalib, crow Ghurab (Ibin Duraid, d. 21H ,nd5f) Ibin Qutaybah(d. 276 H,199967) adds that some peoples names are taken from names of plants(eg alqamah colocynth) others from peoples characteristics or attributes(eg al-kareem generous, al-shuja brave). In the Arabian Peninsula, females were named as males. This is attributed to the fact that the tribal societies at that time need be seen greater in number by others so that they would think a lot before invading each o ther. After the rise of Islam, the tradition of naming persons by the use of plants or animals names went on and other factors for naming had become involved.For instance, beautiful names were chosen (al-Rabii Spring) and got widely spread due to the Prophets point against the choice of ugly names. He (P. B. W. H) recommended that parents should select beautiful names that bring happiness and satisfaction to newly born children. In surveying the traditions that Arabs followed in naming persons during the pre- and post-Islamic period, one finds that the same traditions have been roughly adopted by modern Arabic native speakers (Murad, 198436, 46). Al-Samaray (19614) adheres to a rather distinct view in that classical Arabic is no longer the variety spoken all over the Arab homeland i. . different Arabic colloquial dialects are in use. This has had its impact on the way the PNs are used or chosen in every Arabic speaking country (see 2. 2. 1 below). However, Al-Samaray (p. 5) does no t state that the traditional ways of naming became totally absent(see 2. 2. 2 10 below). Ulaiq (200112ff) further indicates that personal names in SA and modern Arabic dialects are attributed to 1. Natural phenomena (eg Qamar the moon, kawkab planet, Hilal crescent) 2. The sequential order of the newborn child which has sometimes a part to play in naming him or her(eg Faryd the unique, Wayd the alone, Rabia the fourth). . Well-known or outstanding figures such as poets, heroes, wise men, presidents, artists or leaders (eg Siina Avicenna Saladdiin, AbdulNasir). 4. Grandfathers or grandmothers names to glorify them specially the eldest son. 5. Harmony of the names so as to be of the same musical tone of the family members (eg Ranny, Rajjy, Wally, Haddy). 6. Particular occasions or events(eg Ramadhan the fasting month, Najjah success, Zilzal earthquake) 7. The fear of envy in that ugly names are attributed to infants (as some people believe) to keep them away from being envied.Neverthe less, this tradition has become of a very minor role to play due to the spread of education and knowledge in the Arab homeland. 5. Nicknames According to Oxford Dictionary A nickname is a usually familiar or humorous but sometimes pointed or inhuman name given to a person or place, as a supposedly appropriate replacement for or addition to the proper name, or a name similar in origin and orthoepy from the original name. A nickname is sometimes considered desirable, symbolising a form of acceptance, but can often be a form of ridicule. Nicknames in Sasak language relates to definition above is quiet similar in function and meaning.The topic disscussion in this research relates to Nicknames formation in Lendang Nangka Sasak meno mene varity comparing to nick names formation in Arabic. This topic become the main discussion because most of Lendang Nangka inhabitants personal names are influenced by Arabic naming system. 5. 1. Nicknames formation. As the main focus on this response pape r, nicknames formation is based on Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene varity. Nicknames formation in Sasak meno-mene varity in LendangNangka has some characteristics 5. 2. Truncation the given names Truncation means to shorten by or as if by cutting off. The free dictionary online) 5. 2. 1. Truncate the base name by separate back part of base name as illustrated below Base namenickname (truncated) Gunilahilok Haeriahiok Sinarepayep Sadahadok Nicknames (Truncated names) shows magnetic inclination to begin with a consonant and end with consonant, even their base starts with a consonant and end with a consonant. While the others following nicknames(truncated) names tend to begin with a consonant and ends with a consonant even the base names starts with a vowel and ends with a consonant Base namenickname Aminahminok Andipendot Aguscegos Akramkeram Amircemor Amingemong Abdillahdilok Ahmad gamek 5. 2. 2. Truncate the primary stressed syllable of the names as follows Base namesNick names (truncated names) Atharhar Rukiahkiah/kiok Sakdahdah/dok Samsulsul -SamsudinSam 5. 2. 3. Truncate the secondary stressed syllable of the names as in the following example Base namesNicknames (truncated names) Samsudinudin Tarminimini Hamdandan Jumlahlah/lok 5. 2. 4. Truncate names on the segmental of onset consonants replace every which way Base namesNicknames (truncated names) SakdahCedok MuhamadGamek SirCing HasimTacim MahrepGayep 5. 2. 5. Phonological Process. Stressed vowels occasionally change /a/ into /o/ as follows Base namenickname -Abdillahdilok -Samsiahsiok -Aminahinok -Rukiahkiok * changing stressed vowel /a/ into // ? Base name Nicknames -SatriawanAwen -SuparmanMamen -JarkasiKejer -SunardiSuner -AhmadAmek -JumakyahJume * Changing stressed vowel /i/ into /o/ as follows Base name Nicknames -Mulyandiendot Mulianieno Muliaticetot Santisentot Samsul Hadiedot * Consonants may also be subject to change. /s/ is replaced by /c/ in middle get Base name ni ck name -NasirAcing -HasanAcan Muhasimacim -Muhsankucan -MuhsinKucin -LusianiUci -HasanahCanok -MahsunAcun * /r/ is replaced by /? / at the close position Base name Nicknames -Munirning -Tahiraing -Zakiraking -JaharAhang -MunawarAweng * /r/ is replaced by /y/ in the mid position Base name Nicknames -Idrusyus -Zakrahayah/ayok -Mustarahgayek -Mahrupayup -Mahrapayap -Mehrameyam -Sahrumayum -Sahuriuyi * /k/ is replaced by /h/ at the close position Base name Nicknames -ZakrahAyok Hasanahcanok Riadahadok Sakdahcedok Ramdahmendok Sakdiahdiok Abdillahdilok Darmilahilok Sapirahirok Jumlahjlok * /b/ is replaced by /p/ at the close position Base namenickname -Zaenabjenap Assegabsegep Mustajabajap Rajabajap Habibabip * /z/ is replaced by /j/ at the onset position Base namenickname ZaenabJenap Zulkarnainkejung Zaenuddinjen Zarkasikejer Zulkiplijul * /l/ is replaced by /ng/ at the close position Base name nickname -Samsulancung Sulhiahcung Mulianahmung Yulianiyung * /f/ is rep laced by /p/ at the stochastic position Base name nickname Gafarapar Irfanipan Sarifayip Mussannifsanip Halifalip 5. 2. 6.Nicknames also formed by dropping a consonant in random position, as described below Base name nickname -Ehsanesan -Irfanipan -Ilhamiham -Ahsipasip -Mahsanasan 5. 2. 7. Nicknames formation also made by giving attributes to specific person such as following Kaktuan is for a person who has done haj for example Base namenicknames -Hajjah Kurniawatikak tuan kur -Haji Abdillahkak tuan dilok -Hajjah Samsiahkak tuan iok * Tuaq(uncle) and inaqrari (aunt) is to address someone feel close related to the speaker even he is not a relative of the speaker, as following example Base namenicknames Salehtuaq aleh -Zaenuddintuaq jen -Syamsiahinaq rari iok -Rumlahinaq rari melok * Semeton/meton/ton (brother/sister) usually refers to male is to address between friends at same age and to show friendliness, even though they are not relatives in between and usually meton or ton is stand alone without nicknames. * Arik/adik (younger brother/sister)usually refers to male is to address to younger person and to show friendliness, even though they are not relatives in between and usually arik or adik is stand alone without nicknames. Kakak/akakArik/adik (older brother/sister) usually refers to male/female is to address to younger person and to show friendliness, even though they are not relatives in between and usually kakakor kak is stand alone without nicknames. * Amaq keke /bapak keke(father) usually refers to male is to address to elder married person and to show friendliness, even though they are not relatives in between and often amaq keke or bapak keke is stand alone without nicknames to show closer feeling. Inaq keke (mother) usually refers to address to elder married person and to show friendliness, even though they are not relatives in between and usually arik or adik is stand alone without nicknames. without to show closer feeling. 5. 2. 8. Nickname s also formed by sensible characteristic and personality such as -Dakoh for a person who is overweight -keyek for a person who is thin,. -ranjo or belo for a person who is tall, -cendek or dendek/dandak for short person. -Bijang, ambok for a person with blonde hair and grayness hair respectively. butak for a person with bald breaker point. -melong is for big eyes person. -bireng for a person with dark skin, -bodak for a person with white skin. Personality -nyerenceng is for talkative person, -beleke, is for a person who laugh a lot -kembois for escaped crying person bingis for high tempered person. 6. Nick Names in Arabic. According to Zawaedah Studying nicknames relates to Arab world is important for national security because they are used as aliases. Instead of using ones real name, one may use a nickname to hide their identity.A term for such example is nom de guerre (i. e. war name). Resistance fighters, terrorists, and guerilla fighters use pseudonyms to hide their iden tities and protect themselves and their families from harm. A nickname is a name that identifies a person, place, or event that is different from the formal given name of the referent. Nicknames are often not legally registered in ones official documents. Examples Muammar Qathafi Al? Akh al? Aqid Brother Colonel Amin al? qawmiyyah al? Arabiyyah Keeper of Arab Nationalism Sahib al? Kitab al? Akhdar Owner of the Green BookZuwaedah stated that Studying nicknames is important for national security because they are used as aliases. Instead of using ones real name, one may use a nickname to hide their identity. A term for such usage is nom de guerre (i. e. war name). Resistance fighters, terrorists, and guerilla fighters use pseudonyms to hide their identities and protect themselves and their families from harm. Understanding the pseudonyms used by root groups sheds light on their future intentions, perceptions, motivations, and connection to the cause. (Guidere, 2006).Abu Hamza al-Muha jir (Abu Ayyub Al-Misri) chief of Al-Qaeda in Iraq. Hamza Ibn Abd Al? Muttalib Prophet Mohammads uncle. One of the bravest protectors of Islam. Muhajir he immigrated to Iraq to fight. Or it could refer to hijraof companions of Mohammad from Mecca to Medina. In Arab world nicknames are used for * Friendly periodical conversations (face to face, on the phone, letters, e- mails, etc). utilize for endearment or respect. * Monarchs may be known by other nicknames. * Nabaz nicknames used to maltreatment others (ex. Enemies), or used in the formation of swear words. Concealing identity * Computer users Chartrooms, e? mails, blogs, used asusernames. * Literary pen names publishing authors. * Stage names (ism shuhra)? actors, singers, dancers, etc. * Criminals, terrorists, etc (takhallus) especially the leaders have pseudonyms. 7. Types of Arabic nicknames 1. Asma Dal Hypocoristics 2. Kunya Abu X 3. Nasab Ibn X patronymics 4. Laqab description 5. Nisba origin of person 6. Nabaz insultin g names 1. Asma Dal Hypocoristics Arabic hypocoristic formation is very generative. Generation is largely based on the root of the name (Zawaydeh and Davis, 1999). Khalid has the following Jordanian and Egyptian nicknames * Khalluuude * Khalkuleeh * Khaluudi * Khalluuude * Khukhu * Khalkhul * Dido * Khokha When a full name has an affixal consonant, be it a prefix, suffix, or infix, the affixal consonant does not appear in the hypocoristic. Hypocoristic contains only root consonants, regardless of what other consonants may be in the name. * MuhammadHammud * AhmadHammud * HamidHammud 2. Kunya In the Arab tradition, after a person gets married and has a child, s/he is called by the name of his eldest son (or daughter). Abu Muhammad father of Muhammad * Um Muhammad mother of Muhammad Highly used in the Arab World, and Muslims in general (ex Afghanistan, Pakistan). Some Kunyas are metaphorical. The second word uses a positive or negative attribute. * Abu Al? Khayrfather of goodness * Abu Dhubabfather of flies Not every Abu X is just a nickname. It could be also a surname. Ex. Palestinian surnames * Abu Hadeedafather of iron * Abu Minshaarfather of a saw * Abu Shamafather of a candle Used daily as an honorific to show respect to elders. Used by young men to address each other, for fun.Even one who is not married, or doesnt have a son may be called Abu X. As a nom de guerre. For example, Abu nicknames were popular among PLO leaders. * YasirArafat Abu Ammar * MahmoudAbbasAbu Mazen A terrorist may be known by a Kunya name. in India, the nickname Abu Al? Qamawas used by a member of the terrorist group Lashkar? e? Taiba in the Mumbai terror attacks 3. Nasab Nasab is a patronymic or a metronymic name. The word Ibn or bint (i. e. son/ daughter of) followed by the fathers name. Was used more frequently as an alias in historic times.The person was known as son of X instead of his first name. A chain of names reflects ones genealogical ancestors. Example * Ibn Khaldoun - Abd ar? Rahmanibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibnal? Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Jabir ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Abd ar? Rahman ibn Khaldun. Nasab .. actual usage It is a standard way of reporting names in Saudi Arabia, and the Arabian Gulf. The head of the House of SaudMuhammad bin Saud bin Muhammad bin Muqrinbin Murkhanbin Ibrahim bin Musa bin Rabiabin Manibin Rabiaal? MuraydiAl? Duraal? banafiAl?Adnani Used online as alias names. Next word could be a colloquial or MSA adjective, a noun, a persons name, or a place name. * Ibn Falastineson of Palestine * Ibn Hajarson of a stone 4. Laqab This is a description of the person, that could be considered a title of nobility. It is often a two-word phrase, which often indicates the persons occupation, importance, or appearance. Originally, it was used as a nickname, and later adopted to be a title given to important people. * Sayfal? Din The sword of the religion * Nasiral? Dawlathe helper of the dynasty * Al? Jahizthe goggle? eyedA phy sical or personal quality. The phrase could be metaphorical. These could also be used as surnames. Al? Tawilthe tall one(could be a surname) Al? Andalibal? Asmarthe dark nightingale(Singer Abd Al? HalimHafiz) * Expressing adoration or reliance on God, or lineage to the Prophet. Some use compound structures with words such as Allah, Abd, al-Din, al-Islam, al-Dawlah, or words used in titles * Al? Rais Al? Muminthe faithful presidentAnwar Al? Sadat * Amir Al? Mumininprince of the believersHusniMubarak * Sayfal? Islamsword of IslamOsama Bin Laden 5. NisbaAn adjective derived from the place of origin, birth, residence, or occupation. It could be also a clan, tribe, or family. Formed by adding iyy/-iy at the end of the word. Usually preceded by al- definite article. This form is also used for surnames. * Abu Ayyubal? Misri (from Egypt) * Salahal? Din Al? Ayyoubi (founder of Ayyoubi dynasty conquered crusaders) * Al? Ansari fighters born in Iraq (Ansaral? Sunna group) * This type of struc ture is used frequently to coin new surname aliases. 6. Nabaz Nabaz could be metaphors that are used to describe somebody that is disliked or considered to be an enemy. Jihadi style writings use such metaphors abundantly. Comparing the process of nicknames formation in Sasak meno-mene varity and Arabic, both process in nicknames formation in general it is quite different. The process of formation nicknames basis in Arabic is basis those six basis. This basis is not common in Sasak meno-mene varity. F. Conclussion From the discussion we can conclude as follows * Personal names in Lendang Sasak meno-mene varity mostly influenced by Arabic word and names. * Arabic names and Sasak names has similarities relates to Islamic way system of naming based on the hadist. There is no special rules in Sasak meno-mene varity in forming nick names compare to Arabic nicknames which on those 6 basis. * Most of Sasak nicknames formation are not influenced by Arabic nicknames formation. Sasak Personal names * Muhammad (personal names) become Amek (Nickname) While in Arabic names * Muhammad (personal names) becaome Hammuud (Nickname). * The similarity in nicknames formation is in the Arab tradition, after a person gets married and has a child, s/he is called by the name of his eldest son (or daughter). * Abu Muhammad father of Muhammad Um Muhammad mother of Muhammad While in Sasak tradition after a person get married he / she is called by his ledest son (or daughter) * Amaq Udin father of Udin * Inaq Udin mother of Udin * Mamiq Bambang father of Bambang * Meme Santi mother of Santi * Based on my onservation and analysis I found that the nicknames formation in Lendang Nangka nicknames varity are based on Truncation of personal names, phonological changing process, physical characteristic, attributions in term of social solidarity, friendliness and intimate. BiblographyIbin Duraid(d. 321H,n. d)Al-Ishtiqaq(Derivation). Revised by AbdulSalam Harron. 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