Sophronia Lui

Sophronia Lui Hong Kong, 1973 Sophronia Liu came to the United States. Lui earned her bachelor’s degree in English, and French and master’s degree in English from the University of South Dokata. She currently lives in Minneapolis St. Paul, where she is an organizer and educational consultant with the Asian-American community. So Tai – Fai This young man was a dirty, profane, and lazy. So Tai-Fai always caused trouble to his peers and to his missionary sisters at his Hong Kong school.He clearly wasn’t meant to be educated, and teachers were wasting their time and money on him. So why waste time on him? Sophronia Lui watches him every day in horror as his future breaks and falls. So Tai- Fai at age 14 the maximum age for sixth graders. In the sixth grade he failed almost all his tests and his classes. He failed 3 out of 14 subjects including, English, Grammar, Arithmetic, and Chinese Dictation.Horrible kid with a bad attitude, he passed notes in class made i nappropriate jesters toward his sixth grade teacher Sister Marie, and he was put in timeouts for being late. Sophronia Lui’s classmate So Tai-Fai dare-devilish attitude was always a burden in her class. He shows up late and in a mess, his hair in tangles, dirt on his face, and in a worn out dirty shirt. Sister Marie their sixth grade English teacher always asked him â€Å"why are you so dirty all the time, doesn’t tour mother flat iron your shirt? † â€Å"What about insecticide? So Tai- Fai sometimes joked around and classmates thought it was a joke that he was consuming insecticide that he got from his dads farm, which took his life during the school year. He died on his way to the hospital, his parents sad and devastated on his side. So Tai-Fai was the oldest son out of three children. His dad was a vegetable farmer, and his mother worked in a local factory. So Tai-Fai helped out with his dad in the vegetable fields with crops in Wong Juk-hang, by the sea. Sa dly, So Tai-Fai made it to the sixth grade.

Chapter 5 Quiz

Many of the institutions and customs that emerged in east Asia during this era persisted until the twentieth century or even the present. Why do you think this is so? Why does there seem to be more continuity in east Asian history than in other parts of the world? Patriarchal Family. Nomadic Threats. Mandate of Heaven. 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a form of writing that is pictographic and ideographic (like Chinese) versus one that is alphabetic? Advantages: A single characater can mean an entire phrase or can have multiple meanings.If you are fluent in the meanings, then it is easier to read and ideas can be connected together more quickly. If the pictographs represent everyday things that everybody knows, it may be easier to learn to understand the language on the more basic level. Disadvantages: It could take a very long time to learn it all. For example, it could take a very long time to learn all the letters that represent one idea or thought. It has a wider i nterpretation, something may mean one thing to a person and slightly different to another.For example, a letter could represent a cat , could be seen as a panther to somebody else. 3. How do early east Asian religious beliefs and practices differ from those of the other early cultures you have studied so far? What do these differences imply about the societies' structures and their most important values? East Asia did not have a main or official type of a religion. They only followed the rule of the Mandate of Heaven. A leader is chosen by heavenly powers to govern within his realm. If the ruler was successful in his duties then the heavenly powers would rejoice.If the ruler failed then the heavenly powers would withdraw a mandate to rule and a better deserving person will take that rulers place. The peoplel of east asia did not worship one certain deity at all unlike the other socieites . They also believed in the veneration of their ancestors. People believed that with doing good deeds and having great virtue throughout the family, then the ancestors will lead them to propser when they meet their ancestors. The region of Mesopotamia was under the belief of polytheism or many gods. Egypt was under the belief of many gods but mainly environmental gods, such as Ra the sun god, and the afterlife.

Is Fashion Trivial?

Is Fashion Trivial? Malcolm Barnyard's book ‘Fashion as Communication' (Bernard, 1996) addresses the argument that fashion is trivial and is used to communicate and challenge issues. One of the topics which is discussed in this book is the topic of whether fashion is trivial' this was questioned by Elizabeth Wilson who said that â€Å"the idea that fashion and clothing are trivial pursuits is Just one popular prejudice† (Wilson, 1992). In her book she quoted a letter that was in the Guardian newspaper, which stated, â€Å"fashion s trivial and ridiculous and serious minds need not be detained by it† (Wilson, 1992).In Sharon Stellar article she says, â€Å"As civilized human beings, clothing is a requirement in order to be decent and presentable to the public. † (Sharon Stellar, August 2007) She argues that clothing does more to our body than Just covers us. â€Å"It has to ability to accentuate your figure, minimize your flaws, give you the image of either professionalism or slovenliness, convey your individuality, and make you feel your best. Sharon Stellar, August 2007) What Stellar is saying is that clothes or fashion isn't only there to Just conceal us but it is there to express ourselves, show outsiders our personality and to most importantly to feel good. However Anneal Frostier argues that without a doubt fashion is trivial, she states her own opinion that â€Å"Fashion seems to me the most ludicrous and, frankly, disgraceful thing – the whole â€Å"out with the old† thing and the waste appeals me. † (Daily Mail 2008) In a sense she is right, why should we throw away clothes after t goes out of season?Surely we buy clothes because we love the way the look or feel on us. However I do not agree with her that fashion is â€Å"ludicrous† and â€Å"disgraceful† Everything that we wear, whether it is a E top from Primary or a El 50 dress from Marc Jacobs, was designed for a reason. Many women, espe cially those in professional positions, see themselves as having no interaction with the fashion industry as they do not follow the latest trends. Nonetheless every item of clothing that they pick up and buy links them to the fashion industry.Somebody has designed the fabric, color and style specifically for that person, and that isn't something that should be ignored. If these people state that they don't follow fashion and think what they wear has nothing to do with the fashion industry, then they should be walking around naked. Personally I do not feel that fashion is trivial. Yes sometimes it can be annoying when we spend EYE on the latest cashmere cardiac, then two weeks later its already out of trend. But fashion like Elizabeth Wilson states is a way of communicating with the est. of the world; it shows others our personality and individuality.

A historical and critical analysis of an entrepreneurial venture Essay

A historical and critical analysis of an entrepreneurial venture - Essay Example m, 2010). Entrepreneurship is therefore, the process of identifying business opportunities and gathering the necessary resources to start the business. Historically, in the 20th century, Joseph Schumpeter advanced one of the most used theories. He spearheaded the venturing process and gains credited for making it happen. He claimed that an entrepreneur replaces an existing economy by destroying one and making a better economy. Schumpeter’s first example of entrepreneurship was the combination of steam engines, which used coal and wagons. From this came the horseless carriages. This led to the invention of the car. We can see there was usage of already existing technology, which just got bettered. This came with a significant reduction in cost. Entrepreneurs learn from experience and with time the entrepreneurial culture grows. An example of an entrepreneurial venture is the Starbucks, a leading coffee company in Washington. It is the largest coffee house in the world, having o utlets in most significant world cities. Starbuck commenced its operations in Seattle Washington in March 30 1971. The founders were Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegla and Gordon bowker. It used the following strategies in the venturing process to make it a success story. ... There was a need to start coffee chains in the area and they capitalized on this opportunity. Consumers are mostly the best source of information, as they are the end users. Many other entrepreneurs have been able to identify business opportunities through discussions with retailers, wholesalers, or representatives of the manufacturer. Starbucks was able to carry out thorough market research by means of questionnaires. They sought information from existing consumers and other related businesses. Starbucks invested in modern coffee brewing technologies. It also stood a decent chance against the competitors. It is worth noting that opportunities do not offer financial reward commensurate to the risks that the entrepreneur chooses to take. Starbucks also had a concrete assessment plan which they put to use. It provides a basis explaining why to adopt or not adopt the opportunity. The plan usually defines the product or the service we are interested in, and the entire requirement necessa ry to actualize it and make it a viable venture. It also outlines the financial requirements necessary. The next thing is the development of the business plan. A business plan can only be made after having identified the opportunity. It is unique for that particular business opportunity. The business plan will assist the entrepreneur gauge the resources needed in developing the business opportunity. It also helps identify resources required to achieve the same, and how and where to gather such resources. The business plan also details how to manage the venture once it has come into operation. The Starbuck business plan outlines how they planned to venture into the market and how they planned to raise funds. After coming up with the business plan, one must come up with a

Stafford Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stafford Act - Essay Example However, despite the act having very clear stipulations on the process of emergency declaration, types of assistance on disaster available and means of dispatching and coordinating the assistance, critics have pointed out over a number of weaknesses of the Act as it is. The shortcomings pointed out over the act therefore necessitate a thorough reform on the Stafford Act in order to ensure its efficiency and effectiveness is guaranteed. Thesis statement: A complete reformation of the Act is not only important but also argent as the Stafford Act lacks flexibility and is slow to provide cash quickly in the event of disaster which is declared an emergency. Major shortcomings of the Act as it is are observed right from the procedures that are to be followed in declaration of an emergency as a disaster by the governor and the president to the ultimate response through financial and physical support as deemed necessary. The main weakness observed by this paper is on the lack of flexibility and quick response as is caused by lots of bureaucracy while establishing the magnitude of the effect of the disaster by the local authorities and having the governor request for assistance from the president through writing which must also pass through such offices as the office of regional director. In spite of the fact that procedures of intergovernmental coordination are highly bureaucratic, the act fails to acknowledge that in the event of an emergency, prompt response is critical and as such establishes less bureaucratic procedure through which state governments should involve the federal government n prompt response to emergencies resultant from a disaster. Much of time is spent while a governor evaluates and estimates the magnitude of the effect of a disaster in terms of costs to be incurred in mitigating the effects, evaluating the localized impacts, evaluating coverage by insurance policies in place, processes of hazard mitigation as well as

SPSS Analsis for Corporate social performance and results description Assignment - 1

SPSS Analsis for Corporate social performance and results description - Assignment Example We can conclude that the differences between condition Means are likely due to chance and not likely due to the independent variable manipulation. We now check for significance difference in the mean social disclosure between the two groups (B2C and B2B). From the table below, the p-value for Lavene’s test is 0.163 (a value greater than 5% significance level, this means that the variability in the two conditions is about the same we therefore assume equal variances and use the p-value assuming equal variances. The p-value is 0.064 (a value greater than 5% significance level), we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is no statistically significant difference between the two conditions (B2C and B2B). We can conclude that the differences between condition Means (for the employee turnover %) are likely due to chance and not likely due to the independent variable manipulation. We now check for significance difference in the mean social disclosure between the two groups (B2C and B2B). From the table below, the p-value for Lavene’s test is 0.026 (a value less than 5% significance level, this means that the variability in the two conditions is different we therefore assume unequal variances and use the p-value assuming equal variances. The p-value is 0.332 (a value greater than 5% significance level), we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is no statistically significant difference between the two conditions (B2C and B2B). We can conclude that the differences between condition Means (for the community spend) are likely due to chance and not likely due to the independent variable manipulation. We now check for significance difference in the mean social disclosure between the two groups (B2C and B2B). From the table below, the p-value for Lavene’s test is 0.578 (a value greater than 5% significance level, this means that the variability in the two conditions is about the same we therefore assume

Jimi Hendrix Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jimi Hendrix - Research Paper Example Considering that he only taught himself to play guitar when he was just a teenager in the quiet town of Seattle. He was influenced by then popular blues guitarist Muddy Waters, Howling Wolf, Buddy Holly, B. B. King as well as rockers Eddie Cochran and Chuck Berry. His style was so original that he mouthed a six-string vocabulary in the tradition of Eddie Van Halen and Prince. Until now, it would be hard to compare a contemporary rock guitarist that would equal the virtuosity of Hendrix. According to the official website of Jimi Hendrix, he was born â€Å" Johnny Allen Hendrix† in November 27, 1942 but was renamed James Marshall by his father James â€Å"Al† Hendrix which was done in memory of his brother Leon Marshall Hendrix ( Hendrix, 1999). Even at an early age, Jimi would use the broom in his make-believe games of playing guitar everytime he was asked by his father to sweep his bedroom. Thus, in the summer of 1958, his father gave him a cheap second-hand acoustic guitar that captivated all his attention and time. He had to pay double attention in reading the notes since he was self-taught. Later, he joined group known as the Velvetones. When he was in high school, he participated in bands which gave him a happy experience before he finally joined the army in 1961. He was discharged later with an injury due to a parachute jump. However, his music days did not stop even when he was He didn’t waste timer getting back into the music scene since by â€Å" By the end of 1965, Jimmy had played with several marquee acts, including Ike and Tina Turner, Sam Cooke, the Isley Brothers, and Little Richard† ( jimihendrix.com) He later formed his own band known as . â€Å"Jimmy James and the Blue Flames† which introduced him to the public as a lead guitarist. His first recorded TV appearance was on Channel 5 of Nashville’s Night Train with the â€Å"Royal Company† as back-up to â€Å"Buddy and Stacy† on â€Å"Shotgun† ( Goldeart and Rodham,21).

ICT in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ICT in Education - Essay Example 1-2, 2002). They further inform us that "It is the use of computers as communications tools (as well as aids to learning, teaching and assessment) that presents the key educational development" (Bhanot, & Fallows, pp. 1-2, 2002). ICT is proved to have a subtle impact on sociological environment of the world narrowing down to the personal lives of the common human being (Yuen, Law, & Wong, 2003). With the passage of time, ICT in education is getting more easily in the reach of people due to the gradual price decline (Selwood, & Pilkington, 2005). Emerging as a pervasive marker for the change of people's lives, ICT has now begun to make greater impact: It has come to bear a positive effect on the way schools and other educational institutions were traditionally run before. ... h the observation that "ICT has redefined learning and teaching and is well on the way to changing the future principles, practices, policies, and underlying epistemological issues that define the value, worth, meaning, and delivery of educational services" (p. 220). ICT in Elementary Schools Chasing the impact of ICT in elementary schools, Lim, C. P., & Tay, L. Y. (2003, p. 1) inform us that ICT is more like a neutral tool that depends more on the lesson plan strategies, management of work being put to the students, and on the teaching to them as how to effectively manage different types of ICT tools. However, this very tool can be positively used to develop a higher-order thinking in the pupils. They studied the ICT tools for developing the higher-order thinking in students and listed out some useful inventories. Their study revealed that "there are six interrelated implications of how ICT tools can be used to engage students in higher-order thinking in an elementary school environment" Lim, C. P., & Tay, L. Y. (2003, p. 1). First is the objectives of the lesson that according to them "plays an important role in shaping the development of the lesson" (p.1). Next, are the orienting activities that enable among learner a sense of autonomy. Number three is the right time I CT tool training to the students so that they can engage themselves with ICT tools and start learning. Number four is the integration of different ICT tools so that students can achieve instructional objectives in a rapid manner. On number five on their list is "The classification of a particular type of ICT tool is not based only on its features or characteristics but also on how it is used" (Lim, C. P., & Tay, L. Y., 2003, p. 1). Last on their inventory is the effective management of ICT resources

The Malampaya Offshore Oil and Gas Field Assignment

The Malampaya Offshore Oil and Gas Field - Assignment Example The Philippine Government Department of Energy approved Shell Philippine Exploration (SPEX) to build a 500 kilometre undersea pipeline to transfer gas from the Malampaya-Camago fields to the main island of Luzon. Although the fields are in Chinese claimed waters, China did not object to the development (Pumphrey 237). Shell Philippine Exploration (SPEX) developed the Malampaya fields at an estimated cost of $4.5 billion U.S., â€Å"the largest single investment in the country† (Kreil 36) and the largest infrastructure project (McCallum 40). The Malampaya project is a joint venture of the Philippine government with the private firms Chevron Texaco and the Philippines Oil Company Exploration Corporation (PNOC-EC)† (Oxford Business Group 72). Structural interpretation of the 3D seismic data indicated the most prominent structural feature to be a SW-NE oriented fault, forming a crest at the western margin of the carbonate system. This fault was sealed by the Pagasa shales. à ¢â‚¬Å"Minor normal faults affect the Latee Eocene and Early Oligocene deposits in the North-Eastern termination of the carbonate system forming a short and narrow horst structure† (Fournier, Borgomano and Montaggioni 198). ... ubsurface Data Used to Describe the Malampaya Field â€Å"The dataset used in this study consists of a 3-dimensional seismic survey acquired by Shell Philippines (SPEX) in 2002, and well data from 10 wells (MA-1 to MA-10)† (Fournier et al 2005, 192). Core sections are available in wells MA-2, MA-3, MA-4, MA-5, MA-7, and MA-9. The seismic interpretation used prestack time migrated data (PSTM), with zero-phase signal. The seismic polarity is defined as negative amplitude means a downward increase in acoustic impedance, a positive reflection coefficient. The work uses the depositional facies and diagenetic features identified by Fournier et al, 2004 from MA-5 and MA-7, those obtained from thin section analyses on MA-6, MA-8, MA-9, and MA-10, and the re-examination of the rock material studied by Grotsch and Mercadier (1703) from MA-1, MA-2, and MA-3. Carbon and oxygen isotope analyses on whole-rock samples were used to support diagenetic interpretations. Deposition of the Reservo ir Section and Geometry of the Platform The evidence from the investigations by Shell Philippine Exploration (SPEX, 2009) verified the existence of an immense power source. Situated 80 kilometers northwest of Palawan island and located about 3,000 metres below sea level, â€Å"the Malampaya field had recoverable reserves of about 2.5 trillion cubic feet of natural gas reserves and 85 million barrels of condensate† (Oxford Business Group 72). A thin oil rim of 65 metres is overlain by a thick gas column of up to 650 metres; these are contained in a high relief carbonate reef build-up complex of the Nido Limestone Formation. It was determined that â€Å"28.5 MMscf/ day of gas and 7,500 bbl/day of 30 degrees APL oil† (Department of Energy, 2010) were released every day. The Late Eocene to Early Miocene

European Tourism Essay Example for Free

European Tourism Essay The article in question paints a perfect picture of the little country of Andorra, one of the few places remaining on earth where culture and sanctity has have not been overrun by the trappings of modern life. After reading the article, one comes away with a warm and happy feeling about what is going on in Andorra. It is a place, to be frank, that any person would want to visit in order to feel the beauty of the Pyrenees Mountains and understand the history of Europe. The author is careful to point out the fact that Andorra is certainly not stuck in the 15th century, though. It has updated itself to modern culture and although you cannot catch a flight to the country, one could certainly drive there to take advantage of a few conveniences. Among those are the shopping, which the author spends a great deal of time talking about. It is interesting that a place with such a richness and wealth of history and culture would have to offer bargain basement tax breaks for people to come and visit. In a way, this speaks to today’s culture, where people are more concerned with commerce than they are with culture. Andorra is a perfect mix of that commerce and culture, though. It is a place that is naturally torn and conflicted between two of Europe’s most traditional powers, yet it somehow maintains a measure of neutrality and independence. It is similar to plenty of other countries in Europe in regards to size, but does not share many similarities beyond that. Andorra is a place that, according to the author, every person should get to see because of the beauty and history that will immediately engulf the senses.

Importance of Meeting Child Individual Needs

Importance of Meeting Child Individual Needs UNIT 1: A UNIQUE CHILD EXPLAIN THE BENEFITS FOR CHILDREN WHEN THIER INDIVIDUAL NEEDS ARE MET CHILD DEVELOPMENT Every child is a unique individual with their own characteristics and temperament. Development is a continuous complex interaction of environmental and genetic factors in which the body, brain and behavior become more complex Babies and children mature at different rates and at different times in their lives Babies and children are vulnerable and become resilient and confident if they have support from others early relationships strongly influence how children develop and having close relationships with carers is very important A SKILFUL COMMUNICATOR Babies are especially interested in other people and in communicating with them using eye contact, crying, cooing and gurgling to have ‘conversations’ Babies and children are sociable and curious, and they explore the world through all their senses. Babies and children develop their competence in communicating through having frequent, enjoyable interactions with the people, in contexts that they understand. Children learn to communicate in many ways, not just by talking, but also in a non-verbal ways such as gestures, facial expressions and gaze direction, in drawing, writing and singing, and through dance, music and drama. A COMPETENT LEARNER Babies come into the world ready to learn and are especially tuned to learn from other people and the cultural and material environment. Play and other imaginative and creative activities help children to make sense of their experience and ‘transform’ their knowledge, fostering cognitive development. Language, thinking and learning are interlinked, they depend on and promote each others development. What children can do is the starting point for learning. Children learn better by doing, and by doing things with other people who are more competent, rather than just being told. EFFECTIVE PRACTICE Understand the process involved in babies’ and children growth, development and learning. Support babies and children to develop a positive sense of their own identity and culture, this helps them to develop a positive self-image. Encourage, listen and respond to babies and children’s communications, both non-verbal and verbal. Acknowledge the different ways in which babies and children learn, and be aware that learning is a process that cannot be rushed. Recognise that babies and children attitudes and dispositions to learning are influenced by the feedback of others. DESCRIBE HOW THE PRINCIPLES OF ANTI DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICE CAN BE APPLIED TO PRACTICE CHILDRENS ENTITLEMENTS All children are citizens and have rights and entitlements. Children should be treated fairly regardless of race, religion or abilities. This applies no matter. What they think or say; What type of family they come from; What language (s) they speak; What their parents do; Whether they are girls or boys; Whether they have a disability or whether they are rich or poor. All children have a equal right to be listened to and valued in the setting EQUALITY AND DIVERSITY All children have a need to develop, which is helped by exploring and discovering the people and things around them. Some children’s development may be at risk, for example Children who are disabled and those with special educational needs; Those from socially excluded families, such as the homeless or those who live with a parent who is disabled or has a mental illness; Children from traveller communities, refugees or asylum seekers and those live diverse linguistic backgrounds. All children are entitled to enjoy a full life in conditions which will help them take part in society and develop as an individual, with their own cultural and spiritual beliefs. Practitioners ensure that their own knowledge about different cultural groups is up to-date and consider their own attitudes to people who are different from themselves. Attached: Playroom Day Nursery’s Inclusion and Equal Opportunities policy PROMOTING ANTI DISCRIMINATION PRACTICE LEGISLATION There are various pieces of legislation in place to promote equality and reduce discrimination. These include the Disability Discrimination Act 2005. The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001, the Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000, Convention on the rights of the child (UN, 1989), The Human Rights Act 1998, The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (as amended), Employment Equality ( Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003, the Equality Act 2010. The aim of this legislation is to promote equality of opportunity for all, regardless of age, sex, sexuality, disability, race, religion or any other difference. However, whilst legislation is important because it protects people, the one thing it cannot do is change people’s attitudes Everyone has internalised layers of expectation based on personal upbringing and experiences that operate on a conscious and subconscious level. A key worker acknowledging the extent of the baggage that they may bring to an environment is a vital first step along the road to anti discriminatory practice. PUTTING INTO PRACTICE Anti discriminatory practice can be defined as an approach to working with young children that promotes Diversity and the valuing of all differenced A setting whose practice is anti discriminatory will celebrate and value differences in identities, cultures, religions, abilities and social practices. Self esteem and positive group identity A setting will recognise the impact of discrimination, the social inequalities and their effect on young children and their families. Such a setting will identify and remove practices and procedures that discriminate. Fulfilment of individual potential A setting will value children and adults for their individuality and ensure a sense of belonging that promotes self esteem. It will respect where children come from, what they achieve and what they bring to the learning situation. The full participation of all groups in society A setting will appreciate the importance of what is learned and what can be unlearned in the early years and recognise the wider aim of early education to lay the foundations of a more just and equitable society. Early years practitioners also need to assess the discrimination that occurs in society and their own setting (consciously or subconsciously) and the effect it has on the children. In Practice Moving towards successful anti discriminatory practice involves Understanding that diversity is inclusive and that we all have cultural backgrounds and multiple indignities that are derived from various sources, including our families, our peer groups and out own unique set of individual experiences Examining our personal prejudices and how they operate, and committing ourselves to ‘unlearning’ our prejudices Promoting positive values for families, communities and staff Gathering a repertoire of strategies to ensure settings are welcoming, non threatening and stimulating places be, where children and families are valued because of their differences and not in spite of them Developing the awareness, confidence, skill and knowledge to challenge and educate effectively, for example, the child who thinks black skin is dirty or the staff member who makes assumptions about a disabled child’s inability to join in and activity Involving everyone in dynamic and constructive dialogue and process Constantly monitoring, evaluating and adjusting practice and procedures Flexible thinking Among the attributes that we especially need to develop and strengthen are assertiveness, the ability to communicate effectively and the ability to empathise with others, The aim of anti discriminatory practice is not to generate discomfort, conflict or negativity, although we may well encounter these feelings along the way. Treating children the same isnt the same things as treating them equally. To treat children equally we have to recognise that society does not provide a level playing field and we may have to take a variety of unequal factors into account to meet their universal entitlement as future citizens. All children stand to benefit from enabling, ensuring environment where achievements are valued in the broadest possible terms and individual potential is respected Anti discriminatory practice strives towards all the children and the adults in a setting developing and maintaining high self esteem and being proud of where they come from One important rule is not to expect to find easy or right answers to everything. This is an area where a little knowledge, if generally applied, can be as dangerous as none at all. While some knowledge can be desirable and useful, it is counter productive if it leads us to assume, fro example, that families from a particular culture or religion will have identical interpretation or application of this ideas, or that one child with Downs syndrome or cerebral palsy will have much the same needs or (dis)abilities as another. This process which involves getting to know people and children on a personal and professional basis and avoiding pre judgement and fixed expectations. This approach will often demand creative and individual solutions. DESCRIBE WHY IT IS IMPORTANT TO PLAN ACTIVITIES THAT MEET THE INDIVIDUAL NEEDS OF CHILDREN As every child is different, it is important to think about, plan for, and interact with the individual, as well as the group as whole. Considering the range of children’s styles, social interactions an personalities. Some are quiet; others are noisy Some like to spend time by themselves; others are the life of the party Some are shy; others are outgoing Some are active; others are quiet Some enter into new situations easily; others like to stand back and watch You need to ensure children are confident, happy and engaged in learning, their individual needs must be met. You have to be constantly alert and responsive. The importance of meeting individual needs is well established in recent guidelines for early childhood practitioners. The English curriculum Guidance For The foundation Stage (GGFS) states that we should ‘ensure that all children feel included, secure and valued’ and ‘treat children as individuals’ Practitioners tune into children through observing them, interacting with them and listening to what their parents/carers have to say about them. EXPLAIN HOW THE PRACTITIONER CAN PROMOTE CHILDREN’S PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING WITHIN AN EARLY YEARS SETTING Personal, Social and Emotional development are three building blocks of future success in life. They are close linked to each other and often bracketed together as one area of learning and development. Personal development- how we come to understand who we are and what we can do, how we look after ourselves. Social development- how we come to understand ourselves in relation to others, how we make friends, understand the rules of society and behave towards others. Emotional development- how we come to understand our own and other’s feelings and develop our ability to ‘stand in someone elses shoes and see things from their point of view Practitioners work hard to ensure that children are happy in their learning and development and it helps children if parents are genuine partners with practitioners. All Saints primary school and Playrooms Nursery use (SEAL) Social and Emotional Aspects of learning. WHAT IS SEAL Seal is a school programme that support schools and plans to help children and young people to develop social and emotional skills. They are also essential for all adults and are important for early-years practitioners and staff in schools. HOW DOES IT WORK When a school/Nursery implements SEAL it will consider all aspects of school life and consider how social and emotional skills can be promoted. This might involve reviewing several school policies developing learning opportunities that ‘explicitly help children to learn the skills and to apply them. (www.bandapilot.org.uk) website with ideas for assemblies, staff development activities, learning opportunities a guidance booklet and resources to use across the school day Children must be provided with experiences and support which help them to develop a positive sense of themselves and of others, respect for others; Social skills, and a positive disposition to learn. EARLY SUPPORT It is important to identify the need for additional support as early as possible. Without it children will not get the help they need at the right time, in the way that is right for them. Early support for children includes listening to families and taking part in a sensitive two-way exchange of information. For children with the most severe and complex additional support needs you need to plan jointly with everyone who is in contact with the child. This will coordinate support and promote learning as effectively as possible. Knowing when and how to call in specialist help is one important element of inclusive practice. EFFECTIVE PRACTICE Encourage children to recognise their own unique qualities and the characteristics they share with other children. Make sure that you actively promote equal opportunities and anti-discriminatory practice, ensuring that all children and families feel included, safe and valued. Ask parents whether there is need for and special services and equipment for children who ma require additional support. Support children to make friends and help them to think about what makes a good friend. Ensuring the needs of every child are fully met, even when temporarily you need to spend more time with a child who is new to the setting or whose behaviour is giving rise to concern. Keeping a focus on the child’s needs when a parent also has significant needs. Maintaining records suitable for sharing with colleagues in an inter-agency team while acting as a point of contact for a child and their family.

Classical Liberalism Essay -- Thomas Hobbs, John Locke

Definition ========== The ideology of classical liberalism is concerned with the conception of an ideal society. The term classical refers to the early form of liberalism that flourished for much of the nineteenth century. It sees human nature as essentially selfish but rational. Therefore the ideal society is one where individuals have maximum freedom to pursue their own interest in competition with everyone else. Origins ======= Origins of classical liberalism are derived from the break up of the feudal system, which allowed people more economic freedom and allowed possible the early growth of capitalism. The fusion of economic and political liberalism has produced a powerful doctrine that has influenced governments ever since. However before CL had fully matured, it was preceded by two opposing movement: Natural rights and utilitarianism. Natural Rights ============== This doctrine, developed by Thomas Hobbs and John Locke in the 16th and 17th century is fairly famous due to Hobbs unflatteringly described 'state of nature' which states without a rule of a sovereign body then society becomes a 'warà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦of every man against every man' which leaves life 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short'. It was argued by both that each man is born with certain rights, which are natural and cannot be denied to him by others. This includes the rights to life, liberty and to avoid pain. In order to protect these rights, man must also consent to accept control from a sovereign in order to protect these rights and if this is not accepted, they will be limited. (This could also be confused by description, as aut... ...re with the natural state of society with providing local services such as welfare and education that according to Spencer was tampering with the processes of nature. Samuel Smiles, a follower of Spencer, took this further and actually campaigned against welfare provision as it's up to individuals to make the best of their own lives according to their abilities without relying on others. Summary of Classical Liberal Ideas  · The most basic value that must be preserved in society is individual liberty  · The free working of the economic system is vital in maximising prosperity  · The state should play a minimal role in society  · Inequality is natural. Creating greater equality is an interference with nature  · On the whole, individuals are responsible for themselves and their own welfare

The Negitive Effects of Tobacco Essay -- Tobacco Nicotine Cigarettes

Drugs are generally recognized as of the greatest problems in the United States. According to the statistics, tobacco has the highest death rate. Smoking is a very popular habit, even though we all know that smoking is very dangerous. Millions of people around the globe want to quit smoking for medical reasons such as having already two heart-valve replacement surgeries. By now, almost everyone knows that smoking and other tobacco use causes cancer. But it can also cause may more problems. When you smoke tobacco, the effects on your body are immediate. "Your pulse increases. Breathing becomes faster and more shallow. Circulation begins to drop. Poisonous compounds like carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and ammonia gas enter your bloodstream. Meanwhile, nicotine begins to feed the cycle of addiction. If you're allergic to smoke or susceptible to asthma (and if you smoke, the chances of developing asthma rise sharply), flare-ups and chest spasms can begin quickly. Over the medium term , you become much more susceptible to colds, flu and pneumonia." More in depth nicotine, the main drug in tobacco, is one of the most heavily used addictive drugs in the United States. In 1989, the U.S. Surgeon General issued a report that concluded that cigarettes and other forms of tobacco, such as cigars, pipe tobacco, and chewing tobacco, are addictive and that nicotine is the drug in tobacco that causes addiction. In addition, the report determined that smoking was a major cause of stroke and the third leading cause of death in the United States. Once hooked, nicotine addiction is extremely difficult to overcome. Your lungs are filled with delicate air sacs, tiny, soft structures surrounded by very small blood vessels. In these air sacs, ca... ...any negative effects that go along with tobacco use, cancer, bad breath, stained teeth, sore gums, becoming sick and puking, and even divorce as the most severe effect of tobacco use. The major effects of tobacco could destroy someone's life in a heartbeat. "Every 13 seconds, someone in the world dies from a tobacco-related illness, and every year tobacco kills 5,600 British Colombians, 45,000 Canadians, 418,000 Americans (compared to 1,000 Americans who die from cocaine abuse), and 2.5 million people world-wide. The statistics show that the probability of encountering an illness due to tobacco use is high. Due to this it would be in everybody's best interest to not start using tobacco or flat out quit the habit all together. In factual reasoning you are basically committing suicide. It is your decision and when you have to make the decision choose tobacco free.

Lysistrata :: essays research papers

Lysistrata “There is no beast as shameless as a woman'; Aristophanes was a craft comedy poet in the fourth century B.C. during the time of the Peloponnesian War. Aristophanes’ usual style was to be satirical, and suggesting the eccentric. The most absurd and humorous of Aristophanes’ comedies are those in which the main characters, the heroes of the story, are women. Smart women. One of the most famous of Aristophanes’ comedies portraying powerfully capable women is Lysistrata, named after the female lead character of the play. It depicts Athenian Lysistrata and the women of Athens teaming up with the women of Sparta to force their husbands to conclude the Peloponnesian War. The play is a comedy, which appears to be written for the amusement of men. The play can be seen as a historical reference to ancient Greece, but it seems highly unlikely that women would talk with such a crude sexual tone. Instead Lysistrata is strictly a satirical play written maybe even to make men doubt the innocence of a woman. If women were such beasts as Euripides stated then would women have managed to seize the Acropolis, and prevented the men from squandering them further on the war. Euripides might have referred to the vulgarity of the women’s thoughts and language: “It’s a sair thing, the dear knows, for a woman tae sleep alone wi’oot a prick – but we maun do it, for the sake of peace'; The language of the women is, as mentioned earlier, strictly for the humor. For Euripides to make such a quote seems rather incorrect. It is to a certain extent the men who are the shameless beasts who beat their wives and fight senseless wars.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lysistrata, on the contrary shows women acting bravely and even aggressively against men who seem resolved on ruining the city- state by prolonging a pointless and excessively expending reserves stored in the Acropolis. The men being away at war would come home when they could, sexually relieve them selves and then leave again to precede a meaningless war. The women challenge the masculine role model to preserve traditional way of life in the community. When the women become challenged themselves they take on the masculine characteristics and defeat the men physically, mentally but primarily strategically. Proving that neither side benefits from it, just that one side loses more than the other. It gives the impression that the women are heroes and the men are ignorant, which contradicts what Euripides said but is chiefly written to entertain.

Enron And Ethics Essay

Having some detailed written code of ethics like Enron had is usually not enough. Enron had a 64 page code of ethics and incase you might be wondering, the pages were not blank. However, despite this, it went down. The organizations ought to infuse some integrity and ethics in their corporate structure and in their success definition. To be precise, Enron ethics were simply ignored by the management and the employees. In any organization, the functions of any department should be based on ethical values, competence, integrity and a clear accountability of financial matters. Enron totally ignored these functions thus leading to its bankruptcy. As the company’s reputation did grow globally, hence there was competition of the employees therefore leading to individual greed and also the generation of egotism in the company. Every employee wanted to earn more, achieve a lot and hence there was the high motivation by the company to succeed. Such an atmosphere leads to a tendency to distrust people as everybody is concerned with their personal interests. There were so many dealings in the finance section hence the company’s goals were underestimated as well as the business ethics. Therefore it is imperative to give an immense background on Enron’s collapse and various views that can be deducted from its collapse. Enron’s, history, collapse the whistleblowers and conflicts The main issue which led to its downfall lay comfortably in the department of the operations management. At one time the company was receiving lots of praises from outsiders and then it was mounted with a decentralized control in the finance sector and also their decision structure gave an unclear and illogical picture on the activities of the company and its operations. Enron Corporation was one of the largest companies in Houston, Texas which used to sell natural gas, electricity and also distributed energy. It also offered other services for example bandwidth interest connections as well as offering financial services and providing management of risk services globally. The company gradually became powerful due to its initiative marketing strategies as well as the endorsement of communications and power bandwidth services and the offshoots of risk management. All these services got supervised by the department of operations management and other departments. Though the functions of these departments were executive in their nature, there was however lack of responsibility, integrity, control and creativity. The absence of these vital ethics did lead to the entire bankruptcy of the whole company. Kenneth lay who died three months before he was to be finally sentenced was the founder of Enron in the year 1985. He initiated the electricity sale and then afterwards US congress did pass legislation on the deregulation of natural gas. Enron before its collapse could report some annual revenues in the year 1990 of $ 10 billion and in the year 2000 to about $ 101 billion (Mark, 2002). In October 2, 2002, early in the morning, Andrew, Fastow who was Enron’s former chief and the financial officer did voluntarily surrender to the FBI agents and was led in hand cuffs to the car trailed by the television cameras and reporters. He was later taken to federal house and was charged with mail fraud, securities fraud, conspiracy, and money laundering. He was sentenced for ten years (Loren, 2003). In the 1990s, Enron was a universal lauded company that did transform all the old businesses and started creating new ones. However, the criminal complains did cap disclosures and revealed that it was poorly managed and had amplified its reliance on some convoluted business ordeals in order to maintain growth objectives and encourage some unbridled ingenuity that resulted to fraud. It is patent that the company had some poor internal controls and unreliable top managers. Enron came crushing in 2001 and filed for what could have been termed as the nation’s vast bankruptcy. What were the main causes of its down fall? First the financial statements of Enron were not transparent and did not give a clear detail on the finances and operations with analysts and shareholders. Second it had a complex business model that actually stretched on the accounting limits thus required the company to use the limitations of accounting in order to manage on its earnings as well as modify on its balance sheet to limelight a constructive depiction of its whole performance. It is completely patent in the Enron movie; these scandals had grown tremendously out of some steady accumulation of the values. Habits and actions that had already began many years before later going out of control. The top managers who were the whistleblowers like Jeffrey Skilling who was the chairman and Andrew Fastow contributed to the downfall. The auditor, Arthur Andersen, also got accused of reckless application standards in the audits out of conflict of interest over the vital consultancy fees that had been generated by this company. Finally, in November 28, of 2001, Enron was declared bankrupt. The company lost confidence in its investors and at the end had very little cash to run business and satisfy some hefty debts. Trade secrets and privacy in Enron Trade secret is by definition any information that the company keeps as a secret in order to offer them an advantage over other competitors. Basically Enron was a multi billion dollar company that had assets that were far flung that did rival those of other companies and countries thus there had to be some information on their weakness in order to bring them down that was unknown to some average citizens. According to Debka, the first hidden weakness of Enron was based on finance which could have made the competitors destroy the company fast. Enron hid hefty blocks of liabilities from investment company’s eyes through creation of shell companies to which they were basically shuffling debts. Since the outside companies had no tie to this company, there is no one in the investment community who realized how immensely in debt Enron was and how it was affecting on its pictures of profitability. The Enron executives knew that if this information if it was made public then the investors would end up selling their stock. Enron basically had to hide some hefty liabilities in their shell company to show the investors that they were still at a profit. The second weakness it had was the fact that it held some contracts on foreign soil thus depending on those countries to pay all their bills according to the agreement. All the conflicts of interest of this company were finally not solved as they accumulated and led to bankruptcy. All this later led to court cases where the convicts were sentenced. All this shows there was some extent of privacy. Kenneth lay already knew that Enron was undergoing some financial trauma but still went ahead to lie to the shareholders and the investors that the company was at its best shape. They kept their financial crisis a secret. Honesty and Enron The moral demand of transparency as well as honesty is the foundational principle in investing in the free markets. Any decision of any corporation to ignore some moral demands that are based on transparency and honesty in their financial arrangements should never be used like an excuse to smother the spirit of the entrepreneurial in aggressive situations (Philip, 2001). Analysts and the commentators analyzed on the hinge matter that led to the down fall of Enron. It is lucid that the demise of Enron did not lie in the deregulation of electric power but in some questionable practices of accounting by the company. Thus we can denote that honesty which is an ethical principal was not curtailed. Despite their higher earnings, in 2001 Jeffrey Skilling resigned for some disclosed reasons and Enron reported a loss of $ I billion because of poor performance. Despite the angle you look at the whole phenomenon, it is quite clear that there lacked honesty at Enron. In the documentary ‘Enron: the smartest guys in the room’ it depicts on some o the social evils like hubris, greed and lies that did bring Enron down. The film does a tremendous job of digging up a lot of dirty acts where the whistle blowers could tell some plain lies to the government, investors, and employees and make it sound very good. Virtues and Enron Despite the mischievous and questionable deeds by Enron, failing to credit them for some charity work they did will be questioning on our ethics too. Most media reports have reported on some good work that was done by Ken Lay, who is the former Enron’s CEO. With his family he gave generously to the church through the family’s charitable foundation which did hold over $ 50, 000,000 of all Enron stock in the year 2000 (Tim, 2010). Enron made some sufficient donations to the legitimate charities. (Francis, 2002). Utilitarianism and Enron Some theories and principles can be used to give an inner analysis on the situation at hand that led to this failure. Utilitarianism theory by John, Stuart Mill, does offer some straightforward method of approach in deciding the morally right action for all situations we find ourselves in. This is a theory that does consider what is good for everybody. To discover what we ought to do, we should identify first the divergent courses of actions that can be performed in the situation and all the future benefits as well as harms that can mount from that. Utilitarianism states that we should always take the course of actions that offers the most benefits when the costs have already been taken into full account (Manuel et al, 1989). In this case it is patent that utilitarianism concept was never used. The company since it already knew that it was going down to the drains could have come up with a strategy that was rational to save them from the predicament instead of fooling those around it that it was enjoying some benefits. They could have used this theory to look unto the future possibilities and work towards attaining sustainability. They should have been a global responsibility to advance in their financial aspects (Yvon, 2003). Egoism and Enron Unlike Utilitarianism, egoism theory states that individuals should only act to their own best interest and self interest. Egoism is basically not effectual for solving the moral conflicts. In Enron Company most people got away with this theory. Egoism is only based in addressing concerns that are based on satisfying our own desires and getting what we really want (Jelena & Kristijan 2008). The employees at Enron lost their jobs and life savings and the higher executives cashed in millions and received other millions in the bonuses for all the stock inflation thus bringing the company down. There were blatant interest conflicts that were overlooked, members of the board received hefty gifts from executives, millions were spent to discourage oversight and government regulations and warnings from within were ignored (Lawrence, 2002). That is pure egocentrism that should be discouraged in the workplaces.

Outline of Plague Essay

Prompt: Analyze the various responses to the outbreaks of plague from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Discuss the beliefs and concerns that these responses express. In the mid-fourteenth century of Europe, a deathly plague struck killing about 25 million people from a single fleabite. Once infected, a person would experience very high fevers, buboes, and die within a few days and it was an airborne disease making it an even more contagious disease. Depopulation, trading seized, and many people relocated are just some results of the plague. Many Europeans had numerous different beliefs and concerns about the plague such as fear, greed, or turning to faith for help. Topic sentence: Fear of the plague predominantly came from not knowing the cause of the disease and not knowing how to cure it. Supporting document #1: Document #2 Analysis sentence #1: Theologian Erasmus, fears the plague as he blames the filth and dirt on the streets for it and its spread. Supporting document #2: Document #6 Analysis sentence #2: Fear of the plague was also seen in Giovan Filippo’s, a Sicilian physician, statement. Extreme measures were taken including bonfires to burn anything infected, quarantines were built, and regulations were enforced to try and prevent the plague from spreading. Topic Sentence #2: As the plague swept through the nation, many Europeans exploited the plague realizing wealth was more important than anything else. Supporting document #3: Document #4  Analysis sentence #3: In the work The Deceptions of Demons by Johann Weyer, he discusses how the heirs of the dead smeared an infected cream on gate towns so that anyone who would touch it would catch the disease and die. They did this so they could acquire their inheritances faster. Supporting  document #4: Document #11 Analysis sentence #4: Nurses from Barcelona would take advantage of their patients by making them die faster instead of trying to heal them. All they wanted was to get their agreed upon fees and leave as quickly as they could. Topic Sentence #3: One final belief during the plague was turning to one’s faith or church for a cure and hope to survive. Supporting document #5: Document #7 Analysis sentence #5: A housewife Lisabetta, witnessed her husband heal after he ate a piece of bread that touched the body of St. Domenica. Supporting document #6: Document #9  Analysis sentence #6: A priest Father Dragoni wrote a letter to the Health Magistry of Florence stating that he fed the sick, helped them, and he paid the guards and gravediggers with charity from the lordships. However, a health official should have been sent to heal the sick and manage the houses. Conclusion (sentence or two): In conclusion, during the plague there were many beliefs and concerns including terror of being infected, exploitation, and looking to the Church for hope to survive through the plague.

Osmosis and Simple Diffusion

Study guide questions: Movements through membrances 1. Prepare a graph that illustrate the diffusion distance of potassium in 10 minutes 2. Explain your graph : 3. Define simple diffusion: 4. Define osmosis: Osmosis can be defined as the movement of solvent molecules across a semipermeable or selectively permeable membrane ,from a region of lower concentration of the solute to that of a higher concentration till equilibrium is attained. 5. What is the change in the level of molasses in 10 minutes? 6. What is the change in the level of molasses in 30 minutes? . What force is responsible for the movement of substances through the filter paper? The filtration by the fiter paper is done by the volume and the surface 8. What substance did not pass through the filter paper 9. What factor prevented these substances from passing through 10. Define filtration 11. Which stage (phase) of the cell cycle was the most numerous in the blastula? Explain your answer 12. In what ways are the new cells (daughter cells), which result from a cell cycle similar? 13. How does the new cell slightly differ? 14. Abdominal impact injuries often involve the spleen. Explain the structural tissue characteristics that make the spleen so vulnerable to serious injury. 15. Explain the advantage for melanin granules being located in the deep layer of the epidermis 16. Explain how a hair is formed? 17. What cells produce the pigment in hair? 18. Distinguish the locations and tissues among epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer 19. How do the cells of stratum corneum and stratum basale differ? 20. What part of hair extends from the hair papilla to the body surface 21. In which layer of skin are sebaceous glands found 22. How are sebaceous gland associated with hair follicles 23. In what layer of skin are sweat glands usually located 24. Explain how bone cells embedded in solid ground substance obtain nutrients and eliminate wastes. By answering yes or no, indicate which of the following provides an example of simple diffusion. 1. A perfume bottle is opened, and soon the odor can be sensed in all parts of the room —– 2. A sugar cube is opened into a cup of hot water, and without being stirred, all of the liquid becomes sweet tasting——- 3. Water molecules move from a faucet through a garden hose when the faucet is turned on —– 4. A person blows air molecules into a balloon by forcefully exhaling——– 5. A crystal of blue copper sulfate is placed in a test tube of water. The next day, the solid is gone, but the water is evenly colored——- By answering yes or no, indicate which of the following involves osmosis 1. A fresh potato is peeled, weighed, and soaked in a strong salt solution. The next day, it is discovered that the potato has lost weight —— 2. Garden grass wilts after being exposed to dry chemical fertilizer —— 3. Air molecules escape from a punctured tire as a result of high pressure inside —– 4. Plant seeds soaked in water swell and become several times as large as before soaking —- 5. When the bulb of a thistle tube filled with is sealed by a selectively permeable membrane and submerged in a beaker of molasses’, the water level in the tube falls——- By answering yes of no, indicate which of the following involved filtration 1. Oxygen molecules move into cell and carbon dioxide molecules leave a cell because of differences in the concentrations of these substances on either side of the cell membrane —— 2. Blood pressure forces water molecules from the blood outward through the thin wall of a blood capillary ——- 3. Urine is forced from the urinary bladder through the tubular urethra by muscular contractions – 4. Air molecules enter the lungs through the airways when air pressure is greater outside these organs than inside——- 5. Coffee is made using a coffeemaker (not instant) ——

Manage Budgets And Financial Plans Essay

This project, I chose Woolworths Limited Annual Report 2012 to answer the following questions: To whom is this report disseminated and how is this done? â€Å"The financial report provides people who are interested in a company – such as shareholders, lenders, analysts and employees – with information about the financial performance and financial position of the company†( A guide to understanding annual reports 2012). It is one means by which directors of the company advise shareholders on how the business has performed during the year. The financial report also provides information to shareholders on how the directors have discharged their responsibilities. In other words, Current shareholders and potential investors remain the primary audiences for annual reports. Employees (who today are also likely to be shareholders), customers, suppliers, community leaders, and the community-at-large are also targeted audiences. Employees The annual report serves many purposes with employees. It provides management with an opportunity to praise employee innovation, quality, teamwork, and commitment, all of which are critical components in overall business success. In addition, an annual report can also be used as a vehicle to relate those company successes—a new contract, a new product, cost-saving initiatives, new applications of products, expansions into new geographies—that have an impact on its work force. Seeing a successful project or initiative profiled in the annual report gives reinforcement to the employees responsible for the success. The annual report can help increase employee understanding of the different parts of the company. Many manufacturing locations are in remote areas, and an employee’s understanding of the company often does not go beyond the facility where he or she works. An annual report can be a source for learning about each of a company’s product lines, its operating locations, and who is leading the various operations. The annual report can show employees how they fit into the â€Å"big picture.† Employees also are often shareholders. So, like other shareholders, these employees can use the annual report to help gauge their investment in the company. In this case, the annual report can serve as a reminder to employees of the impact that the work they do has on the value of the company’s stock value. Customers Customers want to work with quality suppliers of goods and services, and an annual report can help a company promote its image with customers by highlighting its corporate mission and core values. Describing company initiatives designed to improve manufacturing processes, reduce costs, create quality, or enhance service can also illustrate a company’s customer orientation. Finally, the annual report can also show the company’s financial strength. Customers are reducing their number of suppliers, and one evaluation criterion is financial strength. They want committed and capable suppliers that are going to be around for the long term. Suppliers A company’s abilities to meet its customers’ requirements will be seriously compromised if it is saddled with inept or undependable suppliers. Successful companies today quickly weed out such companies. By highlighting internal measurements of quality, innovation, and commitment, annual reports can send an implicit message to suppliers about the company’s expectations of outside vendors. Sometimes an annual report will even offer a profile of a supplier that the company has found exemplary. Such a profile serves two purposes. First, it rewards the supplier for its work and serves to further cement the business relationship. Second, it provides the company’s other suppliers with a better understanding of the level of service desired (and the rewards that can be reaped from such service). The Community Companies invariably pay a great deal of attention to their reputation in the community or communities in which they operate, for their reputations as corporate citizens can have a decisive impact on bottom-line financial performance. A company would much rather be known for its sponsorship of a benefit charity event than for poisoning a local river, whatever its other attributes. Annual reports, then, can be invaluable tools in burnishing a company’s public image. Many annual reports discuss community initiatives undertaken by the company, including community renovation projects, charitable contributions, volunteer efforts, and programs to help protect the environment. The objective is to present the company as a proactive  member of the community. This sort of publicity also can be valuable when a company is making plans to move into a new community. Companies seek warm welcomes in new communities (including tax breaks and other incentives). Communities will woo a company perceived as a â€Å"good† corporate citizen more zealously than one that is not. The good corporate citizen also will receive less resistance from local interest groups. The company’s annual report will be one document that all affected parties will pore over in evaluating the business. The way that the company publish it annual report, most listed companies publish their financial statements and reports on their website and notify shareholders of its action including Woolworths Limited. Alternatively, a company may elect to send shareholders a hard copy or a concise report. A shareholder has the right to receive a hard copy, but must specifically request the printed version. Copies are lodged with ASIC and the ASX and are available for inspection online. Why do these people need the information contained in the annual report? Those people need the information contained in the annual report because the financial accounts provide a wealth of information that is useful to various users of financial information, as summarised below: User Interest in / Use of Accounting Information Investors Investors are concerned about risk and return in relation to their investments. They require information to decide whether they should continue to invest in a business. They also need to be able to assess whether a business will be able to pay dividends, and to measure the performance of the business’ management overall Lenders Banks and other financial institutions who lend money to a business require information that helps them determined whether loans and interest will be paid when due Creditors  Suppliers and trade creditors require information that helps them understand and assess the short-term liquidity of a business. Is the business able to pay short-term debt when it falls due? Customers & Debtors Customers and trade debtors require information about the ability of the business to survive and prosper. As customers of the company’s products, they have a long-term interest in the company’s range of products and services. They may even be dependent on the business for certain products or services Employees Employees (and organisations that represent them – e.g. trade unions) require information about the stability and continuing profitability of the business. They are crucially interested in information about employment prospects and the maintenance of pension funding and retirement benefits. They are also likely to interested in the pay and benefits obtained by senior management! Government There are many government agencies and departments that are interested in accounting information. For example, the IR&CE needs information on business profitability in order to levy and collect Corporation Tax. Various regulatory agencies (e.g. the Competition Commission and the Environment Agency) need information to support decisions about takeovers and grants, for example. Analysts Investment analysts are an important user group – specifically for companies quoted on a stock exchange. They require very detailed financial and other information in order to analyses the competitive performance of a business and its sector. Much of this is provided by the detailed accounting disclosures that are required by the London Stock Exchange. However, additional accounting information is usually provided to analysts via formal company briefings and interviews. General public Interest groups, formed by various groups of individuals who have a specific interest in the activities and performance of businesses, will also require accounting information. Table: User of account (Riley 2012) What financial information does the report offer-describe the contents of the report and explain Under the Companies Act is required to prepare a set of accounts that give a true and fair view of its profit or loss for the year  and of its state of affairs at the year end. Woolworths Annual accounts include: Performance Summary Growth Plans Chairman’s Report Managing Director’s Report The Results in Brief Food, Liquor and Petrol General Merchandise Hotels Home Improvement Consumer Electronics Discontinued Operations Overheads, Expenses and Balance Sheet Capital Management and Outlook Board of Directors Directors’ Statutory Report Remuneration Report Auditor’s Independence Declaration Corporate Governance Statement Financial Report to Shareholders Shareholder Information For Woolworths Limited, It is a parent company due to it also owns other companies subsidiaries. Therefore, there are consolidated accounts in its annual report. There are many contents contained in Woolworths Limited Annual Report because Woolworths is the big company and also owns other companies subsidiaries which lead to many transactions occurred in the company. Therefore, I will explain some contents to give some idea. Managing Director’s Report: The directors’ report of a listed company is required to contain information that shareholders of the company would reasonably require to make an informed assessment of: †¢ the operations of the company reported on †¢ the financial position of that company †¢ the business strategies of that company and its prospects for future financial years (unless their inclusion would be unreasonably prejudicial) The report by the directors will identify the names of the directors and officers of the company, and is required to contain information about options including share options, executive options, indemnity and insurance. The directors’ report includes a remuneration report that must include a discussion of the board’s policy on remuneration and its relationship to company performance. The remuneration report includes information about the cost to the company of providing its directors and key management personnel with short-term employee benefits, post-employment benefits, other long-term employee benefits, termination benefits and share-based payment arrangements. For the managing director’s report of Woolworths reveal that Woolworths pleased to report that we are making significant progress against their goals. Also, for this financial year Woolworths pleased to report a solid increase in net profit after tax from continuing operations of 3.6% and by the end of FY12 Woolworths was Australia’s leading online retailer. These statement shows that they were achieve their goals and success during financial year 2012. Directors’ declaration The Directors declare that: (a) in the Directors’ opinion, there are reasonable grounds to believe that the Company will be able to pay its debts as and when they become due and payable; (b) in the Directors opinion, the attached financial statements are in compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards, as stated in Note 1 to the Financial Statements; (c) in the Directors’ opinion, the attached Financial Statements and notes thereto are in accordance with the Corporations Act 2001, including compliance with accounting standards and giving a true and fair view of the financial position and performance of the consolidated entity; and (d) the Directors have been given the declarations required by s.295A of the Corporations Act 2001. Examine the financial summaries for information about the fiscal condition of the company. Did the company show a profit? Yes, Woolworths show a profit  and for financial results net profit after tax from continuing operations increased 3.6 per cent to $2.18 billion on total Group sales from continuing operations of $55.1 billion, up 4.8 per cent. These results were affected by provisioning for the disposal of the Consumer Electronic business, which has been impacted in recent years by significant price deflation, around the world. On a one off basis, this reduced our after‑tax profits by 14.5% and earnings per share by 14.9%, compared to the previous year. What sorts of recommendations are made and what suggestions are made regarding business activities for the up-coming year? Business activities for the up-coming year: Leadership in food and liquor Act on Woolworths portfolio to maximize shareholder value Maintain track record of building new growth Woolworths expect further earnings growth in FY13, with net profit after tax from continuing operations expected to grow in the range of 3% ‑6% (on a normalised 52 week basis), subject to the uncertainties detailed above (note: FY13 will be a 53 week year). Section 2 Explain the following statement. â€Å"Ratio analysis can help in measuring business performance and setting objectives/goals†. Ratio Analysis is a form of Financial Statement Analysis that is used to obtain a quick indication of a firm’s financial performance in several key areas. The ratios are categorized as Short-term Solvency Ratios, Debt Management Ratios, Asset Management Ratios, Profitability Ratios, and Market Value Ratios. Also, ratio Analysis as a tool possesses several important features. The data, which are provided by financial statements, are readily available. The computation of ratios facilitates the comparison of firms which differ in size. Ratios can be used to compare a firm’s financial performance with industry averages. In addition, ratios can be used in a form of trend analysis to identify areas where performance has improved or deteriorated over time. However, ratios are not just a device used by accountants, but a useful tool that identifies strengths and weaknesses of a business and leads to questions about performance that  should result in action. Moreover, â€Å"ratios can be used to set performance goals. For instance, a business seeking to improve its cash flow position may do so by setting targets to reduce average debtors and inventory turnover† (Manage budgets and financial plans 2010). Understanding the relationship between these items and their impact on cash flow, gives greater control over the business and the ability to clearly communicate performance objectives.

Risk Management Position in Healthcare Designated Record Set HIPAA Research Paper

Risk Management Position in Healthcare Designated Record Set HIPAA Privacy Laws - Research Paper Example The paper provides supporting work for the risk management plan as well as the counterarguments to it. In the end, the conclusion establishes the need for a risk management plan. The rights of the people seeking health care have been the subject of much debate over the past decades. One of the rights of the patients is to access their health information and to modify it if it is deemed to have any discrepancy. Several legislations have been passed to grant the patients their due rights and to protect the abuse of medical information and health records of the patients. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 was enacted by President Clinton. The Act has two aspects: it provides confidentiality to the records of the patients and prevents fraud and abuse and it makes sure that insurance and health care is portable. Health information refers to the information, either stored in any form or oral; it is given to a health care provider and is related to the p ast, present and future state of health of an individual. The Privacy rules and the Act regulate what information regarding the health of an individual can be used and disclosed. This information is known as the protected health information (PHI), and organizations which are liable to conform to the Privacy rules are called covered entities. The Designated Record Set (DRS) refers to the group of health records that have been maintained by the covered entities, including the medical and billing information of the patients, enrollment, claims adjudication, as well as the medical record management systems, used for health plans. Its utility is for decision making about individuals. All hospitals, clinics and other healthcare providers are required to comply with the HIPAA. Failing to do so can have dire consequences for the individuals involved.

Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Science - Essay Example eaning and inference that the researchers draw upon can be easily verified, computed, and weighed as a function of how greatly they relate back to the concepts that the author(s) is attempting to get across to the reader. In this way, this particular student has chosen the following paper to analyze as a function of how well the scientific and mathematical information related within it help to reinforce or weaken the arguments that the authors make: â€Å"Neurotoxicity of Penicillium crustosum secondary metabolites: Tremorgenic activity of orally administered penitrem A and thomitrem A and E in mice†. For purposes of analysis, one can quickly infer that the authors of this particular article have performed due diligence with reference to the use of mathematics and scientific research as a means to prove their point. Firstly, the introduction relates to the reader/researcher that the authors are highly familiar with the area of focus and the preceding literature and studies which have been performed. In this way, the authors are able to draw a firm line of understanding and scientific advancement based upon the research that has preceded this particular study. Although this is a nice touch to note, it should be further noted that the authors rely heavily on the results of three specific studies to set the background for their analysis. As such, the rigor of the study is called into question somewhat. I found that this lack of inclusion of other studies and resources significantly weakened the baseline from which the reader enters the research from. Furthermore, had a more rigid an alysis of prior and existing scholarship been performed, the starting point for the reader would be advanced and a need to accept some of the results printed within the study would have been reduced; thereby allowing the reader or researcher to focus on the most important points of the research that has been presented. To the author’s credit, the study does pay careful attention

Undergraduate Degree in Economics at the University of Brunei Essay

Undergraduate Degree in Economics at the University of Brunei Darussalam - Essay Example Shortly after my PGCE course, I was posted to a Secondary school teaching fourth and fifth years "O" Level Economics and Mathematics.   Then last year, the Ministry of Education implemented a new educational system where various new subjects were introduced. Our Minister of Education further mentioned that teachers need to be more knowledgeable in the subjects they teach, sounding the challenge that "a good teacher is someone who can master the subject".   Along with this challenge, the Minister of Education unveiled a program to provide the scholarship for teachers to pursue further studies in the subjects aligned with their degrees in The United Kingdom. During the nine years, I have been in the school, teaching Economics and Mathematics for "O" Level students, I have held many administrative responsibilities that have taught me numerous lessons in school management. My most challenging was when I was appointed as Head of the Timetabling Section, looking after teachers and clas sroom timetables. Coordinating schedules and university resources was a challenge I truly relished as it gave me an opportunity to apply my skills in organizing events, logistics and leading people; as I have been, for the most part of my life, an outgoing person who loves being around and working with people in various positions.   My experience is with the school's Scouting Club, various Sports Clubs and the Parents-Teachers Association served me well in successfully executing my duties. This year, I have been appointed as the new Head of Examination Section. This entailed that I work independently, under considerable pressure, and yet work as well as I can in getting along with others

The Role Of Stakeholders In Passing The Proposed Amendment 1 Assignment

The Role Of Stakeholders In Passing The Proposed Amendment 1 - Assignment Example Due to the dynamic nature of the world politics, the intended role of politicians voted by voters as slowly narrowed to self-centered interests. It is evident that majority of the politicians across the world, become active when discussing issues affecting their welfare, for instance, an increment of allowances (Gowing, & Arnold, 1974). On the other hand, they remain reluctant in passing proposed amendments in other sectors such as nursing. This is in contradiction with the noble calling to serve the subjects. This calls for stakeholders from all fronts including the nurses to participate actively or passively in the splendid role of spearheading passing of proposed amendment. It is notable that the stakeholders can participate in policy change through lobbyist’s influence (Bristol, 2004). The activists have the capacity to sway the subjects to vote for or against a policy; however, this depends on the past record in telling the truth in their bid to make their opinion superio r.In conclusion, it is a fundamental role for relevant stakeholders to participate in passing the proposed amendment because; the political class may ignore an important policy because of self-interest. It is notable that, the participation of the stakeholders creates a platform, which is irresistible in addressing key issues. This platform saves time in passing proposed amendment of critical importance to the large society, which involves subjects from all professional and unprofessional fronts.

E business exam questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E business exam questions - Essay Example The social welfare of the businesses increase and they look to increase the welfare to the customers. There can be price discrimination with the use of the Internet as the customers are aware of the products. The business houses may look to decrease the price of the goods to attract the customers. The e business model of Amazon is based on offering products at lower costs. This helps in the increase of the social welfare. With the rise of the Internet, various other business opportunities are open for the entrepreneurs. Complementarities: The model has described the services as the complementarities. The services of the e business model should be quick and precise. The basic concept is to provide the customer’s with valuable information that helps in the development of the business. Lock in: The lock in period of the business houses is relatively low while using the e business model. The search for customers’ get quicker and the cost is less than that of the traditional process. Therefore, the lock in of the company is automatically reduced. The company may also adopt a model to produce what is demanded. Novelty: In the e business model, there has been a rise in the novelty process with the rise of innovation. The business houses look to attract the customers with the use of innovative techniques. Amazon and Ebay offer discounts and gift vouchers, which encourage the customers to shop online. (Kirikova & Grundspenkis, 2002; Pp 378-379) Porter’s value chain activities describes that a relation exists between the firm’s activities regarding the suppliers and the customers. The value chain activities of a firm can be described as follows: With the advancement of technology and the use of the Internet, the value chain of a company can be related easily. The effectiveness of a company has increased with the use of the Internet. All the components in the value chain have been benefited by the use of the Internet. The

English II db2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English II db2 - Essay Example It is my strongest believe children should be given an opportunity to grow into responsible citizens who can make responsible decisions and change the future of our nations. The lives of children should not be filled with misery and depressing experiences which affect their development negatively. According to one particular expert, â€Å"Beauty Pageants† encourage young girls not to be themselves. They are associated with an immense variety of negative psychological and social defects as well as inappropriate attentions (Kesley Rodriguez, 2013). By participating in such events as pageants at tender ages, young girls want to remain in a particular social class which they may not be able to sustain and as a result they have to overstretch in order to appear what they want to be. This is the beginning of social problems for these girls and the end results may not be good even though their intentions may not be bad. Scientific research points at a statistic of sixty percent the children beauty pageant contestants having psychological problems while the remaining forty percent are actually not happy during the event (Martina M. Cartright, 2006). This further shows negative aspects of children taking part in pageant contests. It is the position of psychologists that one’s development is largely determined and shaped by the events which occurred in their early life during childhood. Beauty pageants lead to the individuals desiring to be absolutely perfect (Sigmund Freud, 2004). The young girl having been introduced to such tendency early in life will therefore lead the rest of her life wanting to appear more perfect than others and this may lead her to encounter relationship problems with others. According to Claire Lindsey (2013) beauty pageants for young girls encourage inappropriate and unhealthy tendencies. Physical harm accompanies their struggle for physical perfection e.g.

Care of the Patient in the Surgical Environment Essay

Care of the Patient in the Surgical Environment - Essay Example It will also demonstrate skills to use equipment within the operating theatre and knowledge in associated dangers. Body The patient Patient Miss WC (not her real name) is an 82-year-old female who was having surgery after having fallen outside her house while waiting to cross the road during the morning hours. To safeguard her anonymity and confidentiality, she will be referred as Patient WC. Such confidentiality is being maintained in order to protect her identity and maintain her confidence in the nursing research and practice. She was diagnosed with a medial malleolus fracture in her right ankle and was scheduled to undergo an internal fixation of her fracture. She has been widowed for five years now, has two children, and a generally active social life. She is active in the local community social gatherings, joining her fellow senior citizens in various activities like ballroom dancing. In recent years since her husband’s death, she has minimized her involvement in the soc ial activities, mostly because she still feels saddened and lonely about losing her husband of 50 years. She also has limited her physical and social activities because she often feels easily tired and exhausted when engaging in her usual activities. She has no known medical problems, has had no previous operations, and no known allergies. Before her fracture, she has been independently mobile and has been generally carrying out her activities of daily living independently. At present, due to her injury, she has limited mobility and needs assistance in her daily activities. The initial assessment indicated that her BP was at 140/90; her height was 5 foot 4 inches and her weight was at 150 pounds placing her BMI at normal; heart rate at 75 bpm; breaths rate at 22 breaths per minute; and her temperature at 36.5 degrees Celsius. The fracture of her medial malleolus (right) is basically a fracture of her ankle. A medial malleolus fracture represents a fracture of the body processes in t he inner area of her ankle, known as the medial malleolus (Physio Advisor, 2008). The lower leg has the two long bones of the tibia and the fibula and the tibia has a bony process found in the inner aspect of the ankle, and such is known as the medial malleolus. In certain activities, stress is often placed on the tibia and the medial malleolus and this stress cause the medial malleolus to break (PhysioAdvisor, 2008). These breaks often occur in rolled ankles in instances of significant weight bearing forces. They may also be apparent during awkward landings from a jump, from falls following a direct blow to the front aspect of the ankle. It is a fracture common in running and jumping sports, usually with changes in direction in sports activities like football, soccer, rugby, and basketball (PhysioAdvisor, 2008). Patients with a medial malleolus fracture often express that they experience the sudden onset of a sharp and intense pain in the inner ankle or lower leg during their injur y (PhysioAdvisor, 2008). For some patients, limping is possible soon after their injury, but for some others, weight-bearing is often not possible, especially where their malleolus is misplaced. These patients may often experience swelling in their ankle, including bruising and pain on firm touching (PhysioAdvisor, 2008). Pain is often exacerbated by movements or with standing and walking.

Environmental engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental engineering - Essay Example Note that oxidation occurs in the presence of organic matter, so nitrate acts an electron acceptor in the absence of free oxygen. The chemical reaction in this phase can be represented as: The precipitation of ammonia in the form of MgNH4PHO4 (MAP) through the addition of phosphoric acid and magnesium oxide is called MAP process. In this process the pH value is critical in the precipitation of MAP. It has 90% efficiencies (Siegrist, 1996). This is a physico-chemical process. When the pH of wastewater is maintained to 10 is easy to convert NH4+ to free ammonia. Then, an air stream is used to capture NH3 and it is absorbed in a solution with sulphuric acid to form (NH4)2SO4. It has 97% efficiency, (Siegrist, 1996). This is a physico-chemical process called air stripping process. Finally, biological phosphorus removal technique offer advantages over chemical processes, reduced energy consummation and reduce sludge production (Park, 1999). This method is justified because phosphorus exists in several forms in wastewater: orthophosphate, polyphosphate and organic phosphates. Note that phosphorus comes from human excrement and detergents presents in domestic wastewater. 1. There are some microorganisms that without oxygen and nitrates (anaerobic atmosphere), assimilate and store fermentation products produced by other facultative bacteria. The microorganisms derive energy for this assimilation from polyphosphates organisms, which are hydrolyzed to liberate energy. The free phosphorus that results from the hydrolysis reaction is released to the mixed liquor (Sankaramanchi, 2010). 2. In the following anoxic or aerobic phase these same microorganisms, consume both phosphorus and oxygen to metabolize the previously stored substrate for energy production and cell synthesis. The organisms take up the phosphorus in excess. The phosphorus is removed from the system during the normal sludge wasting procedure (Sankaramanchi,

Media corruption - other side of the coin Essay Example for Free

Media corruption other side of the coin Essay ‘Whoever controls the media, controls the mind† In today’s world, the media has become a necessity just like food, clothing, and shelter. The media was ideally designed to be impartial and unbiased – to provide information, news, and knowledge that is objective and socially constructive. Unfortunately, in recent times, because of its money making approach the media has adopted a biased approach that is benefitting politicians and the corporate leaders. Sadly, the media is known to be resorting to â€Å"Paid News† – news that is published or broadcasted to benefit a certain class of people who have huge economic power and who wield that economic power to buy â€Å"The News† in their favor. The viewer’s/readers of such â€Å"Paid News† are at such a loss with this information that lacks integrity and they can be easily misled. Actually the readers/viewers are deceived in to believing â€Å"Paid News† which is indeed misrepresentation of the truth.. Article 19 of the Constitution of India â€Å"Reach to the public† states the right to freedom of speech and expression to media .When this freedom is misused by the media, it becomes a prime reason for media corruption, and more or less the willingness of Indian Govt. to eradicate this problem. The objective of this paper is to highlight the roots and remedies of media-corruption in India and to create awareness about the general public about the distortion of news/information by the media – to enable viewers to discern, and not be uninformed consumers of the news. Key words: necessary, money making approach, freedom.

India One Of The Most Richest Civilizations History Essay

India One Of The Most Richest Civilizations History Essay India is home to one of the richest and the most ancient civilizations in the world, which existed over 5,000 years ago. This civilization originated in the Indus River Valley, hence the name given to it was Indus Valley civilization. It is the origin of many of the ideas, philosophies and movements which have shaped the destiny of mankind. The civilization with its main cities Mohenjadaro and Harappa flourished for over eight centuries. Its people thought to be Dravidians, whose descendants still inhabit the far south of India. The history of India begins with evidence of human activity of Homo sapiens as long as 75,000 years ago, or with earlier hominids including Homo erectus from about 500,000 years ago. The Indus Valley Civilization, which spread and flourished in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent from c. 3300 to 1300 BCE, was the first major civilization in India. A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture developed in the Mature Harappan period, from 2600 to 1900 BCE. This Bronze Age civilization collapsed before the end of the second millennium BCE and was followed by the Iron Age Vedic Civilization, which extended over much of the Indo-Gangetic plain and which witnessed the rise of major polities known as the Mahajanapadas. In one of these kingdoms, Magadha, Mahavira and Gautama Buddha were born in the 6th or 5th century BCE and propagated their ņºramanic philosophies. Almost all of the subcontinent was conquered by the Maurya Empire during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. It subsequently became fragmented, with various parts ruled by numerous Middle kingdoms for the next 1,500 years. This is known as the classical period of Indian history, during which India has sometimes been estimated to have had the largest economy of the ancient and medieval world, controlling between one third and one fourth of the worlds wealth up to the 18th century. Much of northern and central India was once again united in the 4th century CE, and remained so for two centuries thereafter, under the Gupta Empire. This period, witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence, is known among its admirers as the Golden Age of India. During the same time, and for several centuries afterwards, southern India, under the rule of the Chalukyas, Cholas, Pallavas, and Pandyas, experienced its own golden age. During this period, aspects of Indian civilization, administration, culture, and religion (Hinduism and Buddhism) spread to much of Asia. The southern state of Kerala had maritime business links with the Roman Empire from around 77 CE. Islam was introduced in Kerala through this route by Muslim traders. Muslim rule in the subcontinent began in 712 CE when the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Multan in southern Punjab,setting the stage for several successive invasions from Central Asia between the 10th and 15th centuries CE, leading to the formation of Muslim empires in the Indian subcontinent such as the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire. Mughal rule came to cover most of the northern parts of the subcontinent. Mughal rulers introduced Middle Eastern art and architecture to India. In addition to the Mughals and various Rajput kingdoms, several independent Hindu states, such as the Vijayanagara Empire, the Maratha Empire, and the Ahom Kingdom, flourished contemporaneously in southern, western, and northeastern India respectively. The Mughal Empire suffered a gradual decline in the early 18th century, which provided opportunities for the Afghans, Balochis, Sikhs, and Marathas to exercise control over large areas in the northwest of the subcontinent until the British East India Company gained ascendancy over South Asia. Beginning in the mid-18th century and over the next century, India was gradually annexed by the British East India Company. Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, after which India was directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of both rapid development of infrastructure and economic decline. During the first half of the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched by the Indian National Congress and later joined by the Muslim League. The subcontinent gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, after being partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan. WHAT ARE THE ARTIFACTS ? An artifact or artefact is any object made or modified by a human. Artifact is the usual spelling in the US and Canada, artefact in the UK and Australasia (see spelling differences). In archaeology, where the term is most commonly used, an artifact is an object recovered by some archaeological endeavor, which may have a cultural interest. Examples include stone tools such as projectile points, pottery vessels, metal objects such as guns, and items of personal adornment such as buttons, jewellery and clothing. Other examples include bone that show signs of human modification, fire cracked rocks from a hearth or plant material used for food. Imported Mycenaean stirrup vase found in the acropolis of Ras Shamra (Ugarit), 1400-1300 BC Artifacts can come from any archaeological context or source such as: Buried along with a body (grave goods). From any feature such as a midden or other domestic setting Hoards Votive offerings Artifacts are distinguished from the main body of the archaeological record such as stratigraphic features, which are non-portable remains of human activity, such as hearths, roads, or deposits and remains, and from biofacts or ecofacts, which are objects of archaeological interest made by other organisms, such as seeds or animal bone. Natural objects which have been moved but not changed by humans are called manuports. Examples would include seashells moved inland or rounded pebbles placed away from the water action that would have fashioned them. These distinctions are often blurred: for instance, a bone removed from an animal carcass is a biofact, but a bone carved into a useful implement is an artifact. Similarly there can be debate over early stone objects which may be crude artifacts or which may be naturally occurring phenomena that only appear to have been used by humans. Head of the Buddha, Gandhara style, Stucco, 5th Century Around five thousand years ago, an important civilization developed on the Indus River floodplain. From about 2600 B.C. to 1700 B.C. a vast number of settlements were built on the banks of the Indus River and surrounding areas. These settlements cover a remarkable region, almost 1.25 million kilometers of land which is today part of Afghanistan, Pakistan and north-western India. The cities of the Indus Valley Civilization were well-organized Pot shards from Harappa and solidly built out of brick and stone. Their drainage systems, wells and water storage systems were the most sophisticated in the ancient world. They also developed systems of weights and trade. They made jewelery and game pieces and toys for their children. From looking at the structures and objects which survive we are able to learn about the people who lived and worked in these cities so long ago. The people of the Indus Valley Civilization also developed a writing system which was used for several hundred years. How ever, unlike some other ancient civilizations, we are still unable to read the words that they wrote. The excavations at Mohenjo-daro Mohenjo-Daro (English: Mound of the dead) was a city of the Indus Valley Civilization built around 2600 BC and is located in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. This ancient five thousand year old city is the largest of Indus Valley and is widely recognized as one of the most important early cities of South Asia and the Indus Valley Civilization. Mohenjo Daro was one of the worlds first cities and contemporaneous with ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations. It is sometimes referred to as An Ancient Indus Valley Metropolis. Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and their civilization, vanished without trace from history until discovered in the 1920s. It was extensively excavated in the 1920s, but no in-depth excavations have been carried out since the 1960s. The excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Mohenjo-Daro is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The most extensive recent work at the site has focused on attempts at conservation of the standing structures, undertaken by UNESCO in collaboration with the Department of Archaeology and Museums, as well as various foreign consultants. In December 1996, preservation work at the 500-acre site suspended after funding from the government and international organizations ran out, according to a resident archaeologist. However in April 1997, the UN Educational, Scientific and Culture Organization (UNESCO) funded $10 million to a project to be conducted over two decades in order to protect the Mohenjo-daro ruins from flooding. This project has been a success so far. UNESCOs efforts to save Mohenjo-daro was one of the key events that led the organization to establish World Heritage Sites CONCLUSION: India is home to one of the richest and the most ancient civilizations in the world, which existed over 5,000 years ago. This civilization originated in the Indus River Valley, hence the name given to it was Indus Valley civilization. It was the origin of many of the ideas, philosophies and movements which have shaped the destiny of mankind. Its people are thought to be Dravidians, whose descendants still inhabit the far south of India. Above articles shows that the real picture of indian culture and its value. Artifacts and indian texts like (MAHABAHARTA, RAMANYANA etc) shows the indian culture and society in the ancient time.we can easily find out our indian history with the help of artifacts and indian text. Many historians had found the history of taj mahal or all other monuments with help of artifacts or as well as texts , it also found that how many years ago can monuments was built? What was the structures? Artifacts are mainly as simple indicators to give us the knowledge about past. Jewelry  is an important part of Indian culture and these artifacts are insightful into the lives of the previous owners. For example, it is known in part through jewelry that before European settlement it was not uncommon for Native tribes to trade amongst themselves as the materials used in the jewelry are interchangeable. Not only were the materials such as beads, shells, copper, silver, ivory, amber, and  turquoise  traded but it is also likely that  designs  and patterns were intermingled due to similarities in the pieces. Jewelry artifacts from Indians were typically either metalwork or beadwork. The styles were often constructed by hammering and etching to create  pendants  as well as stitching countless beads together. It is also of interest that these artifacts were not only used for decoration but may also have served religious purposes. According to my analysis , Indian artifacts are responsible our indian ancient culture.